中国与日本兽药残留限量标准比较分析研究

目的研究我国与日本兽药残留限量标准的异同。方法根据中华人民共和国国农业部第235号公告以及日本肯定列表、厚生劳动省第370号公告,比较两国法律法规涉及的禁用与限量物质清单在兽药种类、残留食品种类、残留限量指标值等方面的异同。结果我国兽药残留限量标准涉及123种兽药、3大类食品、12种动物与9种靶组织、550个限量指标,日本则涉及243种兽药、4大类食品、16种动物与8种靶组织、3705个限量指标。两者相比,我国83种兽药与日本相同, 445个限量指标与日本810个限量指标具有可比性。在中日标准涉及的具有可比性的限量指标中,我国有215个指标与日本等同,有80个指标比日本严格,有139个指标比日本宽松。结论在兽药残留限量标准涉及的可比指标值方面,我国二分之一的指标值与日本对应指标值是等同的。     

固相萃取-超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定水产品中磺胺类药物残留

目的建立同时测定水产品中磺胺嘧啶(sulfadiazine, SDZ)、磺胺甲恶唑(sulfamethoxazole, SMZ)、磺胺二甲嘧啶(sulfadimidine, SDM)、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶(sulfamonomethoxine, SMM)4种磺胺类药物残留的固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱的检测方法。方法样品采用乙腈-0.2%甲酸溶液均质振荡提取,用CaptivaEMR-Lipid固相萃取柱净化,外标法定量。结果 4种磺胺类药物的检出限为0.08～0.12μg/kg,定量限为0.25～0.50μg/kg,回收率均为70.2%～103.4%之间。结论该方法具有基质干扰小、准确,易操作等优点,适用于水产品中4种磺胺类残留药物的检测。     

烟台市市售生鲜肉中部分兽药残留和违禁药物监测

了解烟台市市售生鲜肉中违禁硝基呋喃类兽药及β-受体激动剂残留量的污染程度。方法 按照《2013年国家食品污染和有害因素风险工作手册》中兽药及违禁药物检测的标准操作程序要求,对烟台市市售30份散装猪肉、羊肉、牛肉、猪肝脏,进行硝基呋喃及其代谢物(呋喃唑酮、呋喃它酮、呋喃西林、呋喃妥因)以及β-受体激动剂(克伦特罗、沙丁胺醇、莱克多巴胺、特布他林)共8项指标的监测。结果 抽检样品的合格率为93.3%(28/30),2份不合格(检出克伦特罗),其余7项均未检出。检测的6份牛肉、4份羊肉均合格,均有检疫标识;猪肉合格率为93.3%(14/15),其中2份无检验检疫标识但均合格;猪肝合格率为80.0%(4/5),1份无检验检疫标识且不合格。结论 烟台市市售生鲜肉总体质量状况较好,硝基呋喃及其代谢物均未检出,但克伦特罗有阳性结果检出,需要加大监测和监管力度。     

Review of Drugs and behavior: An introduction to behavioral pharmacology.

Reviews the book, Drugs and behavior: An introduction to behavioral pharmacology by William A. McKim (1986). This book effectively describes in 14 chapters the diverse aspects of behavioural pharmacology. The structure of the chapters ensures that a continuity of basic principles in behavioural pharmacology will emerge, and the reader will be able to understand the behavioural consequences of drugs with respect to their physiology and pharmacology in each chapter. This book covers the material well, and in my opinion its greatest strength is its readability. The author produced a book that will not only give undergraduate and graduate students a solid foundation in behavioural pharmacology, but will also provide an enjoyable reading experience. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Control the Silver Content in the Preparation Process of Platinum Group Anti-cancer Drugs

In order to control the silver content in the preparation process of platinum group anti-cancer drugs, we put two kinds of color reagent to color in the production process of the platinum anti-cancer drugs by UV spectra measurement to control drugs production of platinum anticancer, thus we could control the silver content in the drugs so that it meets the pharmacopoeia standards of US and European     

New chlorinated amphetamine-type-stimulants disinfection-by-products formed during drinking water treatment

Previous studies have demonstrated high removal rates of amphetamine-type-stimulants (ATSs) through conventional drinking water treatments; however the behaviour of these compounds through disinfection steps and their transformation into disinfection-by-products (DBPs) is still unknown. In this work, for the first time, the reactivity of some ATSs such as amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDEA) with chlorine has been investigated under simulated and real drinking water treatment conditions in order to evaluate their ability to give rise to transformation products. Two new DBPs from these illicit drugs have been found. A common chlorinated-by-product (3-chlorobenzo)-1,3-dioxole, was identified for both MDA and MDEA while for MDMA, 3-chlorocatechol was found. The presence of these DBPs in water samples collected through drinking water treatment was studied in order to evaluate their formation under real conditions. Both compounds were generated through treatment from raw river water samples containing ATSs at concentration levels ranging from 1 to 15 ng/L for MDA and from 2.3 to 78 ng/L for MDMA. One of them, (3-chlorobenzo)-1,3-dioxole, found after the first chlorination step, was eliminated after ozone and GAC treatment while the MDMA DBP mainly generated after the postchlorination step, showed to be recalcitrant and it was found in final treated waters at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 5.8 ng/L.     

Illicit drug consumption estimations derived from wastewater analysis: A critical review

The consumption of illicit drugs causes indisputable societal and economic damage. Therefore it is necessary to know their usage levels and trends for undertaking targeted actions to reduce their use. Recently, a new approach (namely sewage epidemiology) was developed for the estimation of illicit drug use based on measurements of urinary excreted illicit drugs and their metabolites in untreated wastewater. This review aims at critically evaluating the published literature and identifying research gaps of sewage epidemiology. Firstly, the existing analytical procedures for the determination of the four most used classes of illicit drugs worldwide (cannabis, cocaine, opiates and amphetamine-like stimulants) and their metabolites in wastewater are summarized and discussed. The focus lies on the sample preparation and on the analysis with chromatographic techniques coupled to mass spectrometry. Secondly, back-calculations used to transform measured concentrations in wastewater (in ng/L) into an amount of used illicit drug (in g/day per 1000 inhabitants or doses/day per 1000 inhabitants) are discussed in detail for the four groups of illicit drugs. Sewage epidemiology data from Spain, Belgium, UK, Italy, Switzerland and USA are summarized and compared with data from international organisations, such as the European Monitoring Centre for Drug and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). The results derived from wastewater analysis show in general good agreement with existing prevalence data (percentage of a population that uses illicit drugs at a given time) and demonstrate the potential of sewage epidemiology. However, this review confirms that future work should focus on further optimisation and standardisation of various important parameters (e.g. sample collection and back-calculations). In the future, sewage epidemiology could be used in routine drug monitoring campaigns as a valuable tool in addition to the classical socio-epidemiological studies for the determination of local, national and international illicit drug use.     

某院介入手术围术期使用抗菌药物的合理性分析

目的 通过开展抗菌药物临床应用专项整治活动,探讨南昌大学第一附属医院介入手术围术期预防用药的合理性.方法收集该院2013年3-5月住院的1 160例10种介入手术病例的抗菌药物使用情况,并对其合理性进行分析.结果 永久或临时起搏器安置/更换术、椎间盘射频消融术的预防使用抗菌药物的使用率分别是87.95%、83.33%,其他8种介入手术的使用率都为0.结论 该院介入手术围术期抗菌药物的使用率已趋达到卫生部的标准,呈整体合理趋势.加大对医护人员的培训和监督力度,能够明显改善抗菌药物用药不合理的局面.     

Stereoselective biodegradation of amphetamine and methamphetamine in river microcosms

Here presented for the first time is the enantioselective biodegradation of amphetamine and methamphetamine in river microcosm bioreactors. The aim of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that mechanisms governing the fate of amphetamine and methamphetamine in the environment are mostly stereoselective and biological in nature. Several bioreactors were studied over the duration of 15 days (i) in both biotic and abiotic conditions, (ii) in the dark or exposed to light and (iii) in the presence or absence of suspended particulate matter. Bioreactor samples were analysed using SPE-chiral-LC-(QTOF)MS methodology. This investigation has elucidated the fundamental mechanism for degradation of amphetamine and methamphetamine as being predominantly biological in origin. Furthermore, stereoselectivity and changes in enantiomeric fraction (EF) were only observed under biotic conditions. Neither amphetamine nor methamphetamine appeared to demonstrate adsorption to suspended particulate matter. Our experiments also demonstrated that amphetamine and methamphetamine were photo-stable. Illicit drugs are present in the environment at low concentrations but due to their pseudo-persistence and non-racemic behaviour, with two enantiomers revealing significantly different potency (and potentially different toxicity towards aquatic organisms) the risk posed by illicit drugs in the environment should not be under- or over-estimated. The above results demonstrate the need for re-evaluation of the procedures utilised in environmental risk assessment, which currently do not recognise the importance of the phenomenon of chirality in pharmacologically active compounds.     

Analysis of sulphonamide residues in edible animal products: A review

The methods of analysis for sulphonamide residues in edible animal products are reviewed. Sulphonamides are widely used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes in both humans and animals, sometimes as growth promoters as additives in animal feed. As a result of their widespread use, there is concern about whether the levels used of these drugs can generate serious problems in human health, e.g., allergic or toxic reactions. Several methods for the determination of sulphonamides have been reported in the literature and this review considers high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS), gas chromatography (GC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE), enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA), biosensor immunoassay (BIA) and microbiological methods. Specific aspects of analysing sulphonamides, such as sample handling, chromatographic conditions and detection methods are discussed. Methods for drug residue monitoring should be accurate, simple, economical in both time and cost, and capable of detecting residues below the maximum residue limits (MRL). The current sulphonamide detection technologies are based on chromatographic methods or bacteriological growth inhibition. The instrumental methods such as HPLC and GC are both sensitive and specific, but are laborious and expensive. Because of the labour-intensive processes, only a few cases of GC methods applied to residue analysis have been published. These methods are suitable for confirmation but not for screening of large numbers of samples. Microbiological methods do not require highly specialized and expensive equipment. They also use highly homogeneous cell populations for testing and thus result in better assay precision. Although HPCE has powerful separation ability, the precision is poor and the instrument still needs to be improved. To date, this technique has not been widely applied to routine analysis. Currently, TLC has been almost replaced by other instrumental analysis. A rapid, sensitive and specific assay is required to detect positive samples in routine analysis, which can then be confirmed for the presence of sulphonamides by HPLC. Immunochemical methods such as ELISA can be simple, rapid and cost-effective, with enough sensitivity and specificity to detect small molecules. This review can be considered as a basis for further research aimed at identifying the most efficient approaches.