无机-有机高分子复合絮凝剂研究与应用

综述了两大类无机一有机高分子复合絮凝剂——无机一合成有机高分子复合絮凝剂和无机一天然高分子复合絮凝剂的发展及其在废水处理中的应用,同时对它们的作用机理进行了概括和归纳,最后对当前无机一有机高分子复合絮凝剂存在的问题及发展方向提出了几点见解。     

淮安芒硝资源开发现状与发展对策

介绍了淮安地区芒硝资源开发利用现状及国内国际市场芒硝产品的供需态势．对淮安地区芒硝产业的发展对策提出了相应的建议。     

Hybrid systems in seawater desalination—practical design aspects, present status and development perspectives

Ever since seawater desalination has been applied on an industrial scale, and particular in the countries of the Arabian Gulf, the application of desalination processes in dual-purpose facilities—water and power—as a hybrid configuration has been discussed in many feasibility investigations and also planning concepts. It is above all the combination of reverse osmosis with thermal processes that has found increasing interest with the aim of ensuring, as economically as possible, uniform water supplies under the specific, greatly varying load conditions in the Gulf countries. Such design concepts for hybrid configurations encompass straightforward structures with a low degree of coupling between membrane and thermal desalination processes, but range up to very complex configurations with strong interconnections on both the water side and thermally, as well as with several desalination processes connected in series or in parallel. Classical hybrid concepts in which the permeate from an RO desalination component is mixed with distillate from thermal desalination have already been implemented in Saudi Arabian dual-purpose plants, like Jeddah and Yanbu-Medina. Although hybrid systems of greater complexity have been addressed in many design studies and publications, up to now none has been brought to fruition. Coming into consideration asthe design basis for determining the capacity shares of the various desalination processes operated in a hybrid configuration are: arrangement of thermal cycle of the power plant component; water/power ratio of the dual-purpose seawater desalination and power plant; provision of undiminished water production of the desalination plant as electricity generation varies; provision of a specified drinking water quality with regard to composition and salt content; combination of all these aspects. Also gaining in importance are concerns of environmental pollution and sustainable development when selecting seawater desalination and power plant configurations, as well as their optimization when considering desalination and electricity generation as a whole. In the practical design of hybrid membrane and thermal systems, aspects come to light, though, that restrict linking of the two systems and joint utilization of facilities, as conceived in studies and conceptual design investigations. This applies both for common utilization of intakes and the use of heated up cooling water from thermal processes as a feed stream for the RO part of the desalination process. Additionally, requirements of drinking water composition, particularly chloride content, TDS and compliance with a specific residual content of boron, influence specifically the design of the membrane process part and its share in the total desalination capacity. Such practical aspects have greatly influenced the design and configuration of the Fujairah hybrid plant for which, from a total desalination capacity of 100 MIGD (454,600 m³/d), the share of 37.5 MIGD (170,500 m³/d) makes its seawater RO plant the biggest currently being constructed anywhere in the world. From the findings of the engineering of this plant and the idea that, by increasing interconnection between the two processes on the water side, it is possible to advance a hybrid configuration of this type with regard to cost optimization in the membrane installation, but also by joint utilization of the intake equipment, perspectives result for applied research efforts over the near and long terms, for example: long-term behavior of membranes at elevated temperatures; tendency for biofouling in membrane process with common utilization of cooling water and brine; influences of such interconnections on the overall availability of the facility. But also for the operation and maintenance organization of such large facilities, consequences can be foreseen for the future development of hybrid plants, particularly for operation management and organisation of the interplay of the different power plant and desalination systems, monitoring of SWRO membrane replacement and cleaning, as well as controlling water quality.     

撞击流-旋转填料床乳状液膜法处理含酚废水的研究(Ⅱ)

研究了利用撞击流-旋转填料床乳状液膜法处理含酚废水的实验过程中几个主要参数对制乳率以及最终提取率的影响。讨论了几种膜添加剂对膜稳定性的影响以及床层填料、不同的水油比、水乳比对制乳率和提取率的影响并得出较优条件。     

The study on the conductivity of styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer electrolytes based on poly(ethylene glycol)400 and LiClO4

Polyelectrolytes, in this study were synthesized from styrene-maleic anhydride (SMA) copolymer, poly(ethylene glycol)400 (PEG400), and lithium perchlorate (LiClO₄). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and magic angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR were used to monitor the interaction between Li⁺ ions and polymer. The results of FTIR and MAS solid-state NMR indicate the Li⁺ ions are preferentially coordinated to the ether oxygen of PEG. The T_g of the PEG segments in polyelectrolyte increases with LiClO₄ concentration, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), indicating that solubility of the Li⁺ ions in the host polymer increases with the PEG content. Impedance spectroscopy (IS) shows that the bulk conductivity of polyelectrolytes and the conductivity behavior obeys the Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher (VTF) equation.     

氨分解制氢催化剂研究进展

随着环保法规日趋严格,清洁氢能的生产和应用引起关注,氨分解制氢是其中重要途径之一。综述Ru、Ni和Fe等氨分解催化剂的研究进展,Ru催化剂具有较高的催化活性,但由于资源有限和价格昂贵等因素使其在工业应用方面受到限制。以Fe和Ni为代表的非贵金属催化剂资源丰富,价格低廉,氨分解反应转化率高,具有潜在的工业应用前景。我国独创的新一代Fe_(1-x)O基新型熔铁催化剂是目前世界上活性最高的氨合成催化剂,根据微观可逆性原理,新型熔铁催化剂也是氨分解反应活性最好的制氢催化剂。     

微槽道脉动热管的启动及传热特性

对竖直和水平放置情况下微槽道脉动热管(当量直径2.82mm)的启动及传热性能进行了实验研究,并与内径分别为3.4mm(1^#)、4.0mm(2^#)和4.8mm(3^#)的3个光管脉动热管进行了比较。实验工质为去离子水,充液率为50%。实验结果表明,竖直放置(底部加热)时,微槽道结构可以显著降低脉动热管的最小启动功率和启动温度,在约305W的加热功率下其热阻分别比1^#、2^#和3^#光管脉动热管下降41.7%、35.6%和30.9%,蒸发段壁面平均温度分别下降12.1、11.8和7.6℃;水平放置时,微槽道脉动热管在一定加热功率下能够正常启动,光管脉动热管难以有效运行。使用微槽道结构后,脉动热管显热和潜热传热能力的提高以及微槽道毛细作用利于冷凝液向蒸发段回流可认为是实现热管传热强化的主要原因。     

Accumulation and Toxicity of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Cells and Experimental Animals

The uptake and distribution of negatively charged superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles (SPIONs) in mouse embryonic fibroblasts NIH3T3, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal influenced by SPIONs injected into experimental animals, were visualized and investigated. Cellular uptake and distribution of the SPIONs in NIH3T3 after staining with Prussian Blue were investigated by a bright-field microscope equipped with digital color camera. SPIONs were localized in vesicles, mostly placed near the nucleus. Toxicity of SPION nanoparticles tested with cell viability assay (XTT) was estimated. The viability of NIH3T3 cells remains approximately 95% within 3–24 h of incubation, and only a slight decrease of viability was observed after 48 h of incubation. MRI studies on Wistar rats using a clinical 1.5 T MRI scanner were showing that SPIONs give a negative contrast in the MRI. The dynamic MRI measurements of the SPION clearance from the injection site shows that SPIONs slowly disappear from injection sites and only a low concentration of nanoparticles was completely eliminated within three weeks. No functionalized SPIONs accumulate in cells by endocytic mechanism, none accumulate in the nucleus, and none are toxic at a desirable concentration. Therefore, they could be used as a dual imaging agent: as contrast agents for MRI and for traditional optical biopsy by using Prussian Blue staining.     

The Significance of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition for Circulating Tumor Cells

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process involved in embryonic development, but it also plays a role in remote metastasis formation in tumor diseases. During this process cells lose their epithelial features and adopt characteristics of mesenchymal cells. Thereby single tumor cells, which dissolve from the primary tumor, are enabled to invade the blood vessels and travel throughout the body as so called “circulating tumor cells” (CTCs). After leaving the blood stream the reverse process of EMT, the mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) helps the cells to seed in different tissues, thereby generating the bud of metastasis formation. As metastasis is the main reason for tumor-associated death, CTCs and the EMT process are in the focus of research in recent years. This review summarizes what was already found out about the molecular mechanisms driving EMT, the consequences of EMT for tumor cell detection, and suitable markers for the detection of CTCs which underwent EMT. The research work done in this field could open new roads towards combating cancer.     

可再分散乳胶粉的研究进展

可再分散乳胶粉具有产品质量高、易于贮存,包装、运输、施工方便,抗冻及抗微生物污染能力强等众多优点,是近年来极力推广的一种新型建筑材料添加剂,应用日益广泛.论文介绍了可再分散乳胶粉的种类及制备过程,综述了可再分散乳胶粉的作用机理、应用及存在的问题,并据此对可再分散乳胶粉的研究方向进行了展望.