What you feel is how you compare: How comparisons influence the social induction of affect.

Concordant and discordant affective reactions can occur after the mere perception of another person's affective expression. Most previous theorizing has been concerned with the explanation of affective concordance, typically referred to as emotional contagion, although discordant affect has received little attention. The authors propose an integrative account for the explanation of both outcomes based on a social comparison framework. Studies 1 and 2 suggest that two distinct types of comparison processes can trigger concordant or discordant affective reactions. Study 3 extends these findings by demonstrating that the influence of comparison processes on affect in an established mood contagion paradigm. The authors attempt to integrate previous research into the present account. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

She’s emotional. He’s having a bad day: Attributional explanations for emotion stereotypes.

People believe that women are the more emotional sex. This belief stems less from what men and women actually do than from the explanations given for their behaviors. In 2 studies, participants who were given situational information about the causes of emotional expression in target faces nonetheless more frequently judged feminine targets depicting emotions as “emotional” (i.e., a dispositional attribution for the emotional behavior), whereas they more frequently judged masculine targets as “having a bad day” (i.e., a situational attribution for the emotional behavior). These findings help explain the pervasive belief that women are more emotional when compared with men, even when the scientific veracity of this belief is questionable. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Predicting distress-induced eating with self-reports: Mission impossible or a piece of cake?

Comments on the original article, "Assessing yourself as an emotional eater: Mission impossible?" by C. Evers, D. T. D. de Ridder, and M. A. Adriaanse (see record 2009-20990-009). Results of a functional MRI study (Bohon, Stice, & Spoor, 2009) contradict the assertion that it is "impossible" to self-assess emotional eating because the self-report emotional eating scale of the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ-em) predicted important individual differences in reward response during negative moods. Evers et al advance their argument in the context of results of four experiments where self-reported “emotional eaters” (DEBQ-em) did not eat more food during emotional encounters as compared to control conditions or “no emotional eaters.” However, the core characteristic of emotional eaters is not that they eat so much during distress (though binge eaters may do), but that they do not show the typical stress response of eating less (the typical stress response being loss of appetite because of physiological effects that mimic satiety) (Gold & Chrousos, 2002). Accordingly, the moderator effect of emotional eating during distress would be that. “No emotional eaters” eat less and “emotional eaters” eat the same or more compared to control conditions. Close inspection of the results of Evers et al reveals that their “no emotional eaters” did not show the typical stress response of eating less. This opens the possibility that the null findings of Evers et al may be simply explained by misclassification of “no emotional eaters” versus “emotional eaters” because of their use of median splits (a procedure notorious for possible misclassification of subjects into distinct groups). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Linkages between facial expressions of anger and transient myocardial ischemia in men with coronary artery disease.

The authors examined whether facial expressions of emotion would predict changes in heart function. One hundred fifteen male patients with coronary artery disease underwent the Type A Structured Interview, during which time measures of transient myocardial ischemia (wall motion abnormality and left ventricular ejection fraction) were obtained. Facial behavior exhibited during the ischemia measurement period was videotaped and later coded by using the Facial Action Coding System (P. Ekman & W. V. Friesen, 1978). Those participants who exhibited ischemia showed significantly more anger expressions and nonenjoyment smiles than nonischemics. Cook–Medley Hostility scores did not vary with ischemic status. The findings have implications for understanding how anger and hostility differentially influence coronary heart disease risk. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Predicting the duration of emotional experience: Two experience sampling studies.

The authors present 2 studies to explain the variability in the duration of emotional experience. Participants were asked to report the duration of their fear, anger, joy, gratitude, and sadness episodes on a daily basis. Information was further collected with regard to potential predictor variables at 3 levels: trait predictors, episode predictors, and moment predictors. Discrete-time survival analyses revealed that, for all 5 emotions under study, the higher the importance of the emotion-eliciting situation and the higher the intensity of the emotion at onset, the longer the emotional experience lasts. Moreover, a reappearance, either physically or merely mentally, of the eliciting stimulus during the emotional episode extended the duration of the emotional experience as well. These findings display interesting links with predictions within N. H. Frijda's theory of emotion, with the phenomenon of reinstatement (as studied within the domain of learning psychology), and with the literature on rumination. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A prospective investigation of the vulnerability of memory for positive and negative emotional scenes to the misinformation effect.

This study examined (prospectively) the impact of the emotional content of visual scenes on memory accuracy and susceptibility to misinformation over time. After viewing a highly positive and highly negative photographic image, half of participants (N = 80) were exposed to misinformation concerning the images and later responded to a series of questions about the details of each. After 1 week or 1 month, participants returned and were asked (unexpectedly) about the images. Overall, memories of misled participants were substantially less accurate than nonmisled participants, a pattern persisting at 1-week and 1-month follow-up, although the passage of time decreased accuracy of all participants. Relative to positive images, negative images were associated with a greater susceptibility to false memories for a major misleading detail at both sessions. Thus, relative to positive emotion, negative emotion specifically heightens suggestibility in the presence of major misinformation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Emotional versus neutral expressions and perceptions of social dominance and submissiveness.

Emotional expressions influence social judgments of personality traits. The goal of the present research was to show that it is of interest to assess the impact of neutral expressions in this context. In 2 studies using different methodologies, the authors found that participants perceived men who expressed neutral and angry emotions as higher in dominance when compared with men expressing sadness or shame. Study 1 showed that this is also true for men expressing happiness. In contrast, women expressing either anger or happiness were perceived as higher in dominance than were women showing a neutral expression who were rated as less dominant. However, sadness expressions by both men and women clearly decreased the extent to which they were perceived as dominant, and a trend in this direction emerged for shame expressions by men in Study 2. Thus, neutral expressions seem to be perceived as a sign of dominance in men but not in women. The present findings extend our understanding of the way different emotional expressions affect perceived dominance and the signal function of neutral expressions—which in the past have often been ignored. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

情感理念在视觉传达设计中的运用

目的 探索视觉传达设计中的情感理念的表现方式。方法 视觉传达设计承载着信息传递、情感交互等功能,发展至今已然走进了社会生活的各个角落,成为一个热门领域。将视觉传达设计作为研究对象,从最基本的概念着手,引出其所遵循的基本原则,发现情感理念的融入和凸显对视觉传达设计的积极作用,并提出情感融入的诸多可能性,列举出趣味性、完整性、独特性等方面的价值表现,最后从设计形式和设计方法两个方面分别就两者的融合路径展开探讨,以期能够得出更加合理的融合应用方式。结论 情感层面的表现语言与当代人的内心需求相契合,是人们内心真实想法的形象表达,其与视觉传达设计的组合能够促成美妙新颖的视觉体验,令受众在细品之后获得妙趣体验。     

基于用户需求分类的产品色彩情感体验设计

目的 实现符合用户感性需求与良好情感体验的产品色彩设计。方法 以家用咖啡机为研究对象,基于扎根理论,运用质性分析工具Nvivo12.0深度挖掘用户对目标产品的色彩需求痛点,通过系统聚类分析获得产品色彩的用户需求类别,根据已知的用户需求类别,收集色彩样本,结合PAD量表进行多维情感体验评价,并获取可以激发用户积极情感体验的产品配色案例,作为设计实践的参考范式。结果 完成不同用户需求影响下的咖啡机色彩情感体验设计实践。结论 以用户需求分类为导向的产品色彩设计,可帮助设计师更有针对性地提炼多样化的产品色彩需求,运用PAD情感体验测量方法对现有色彩设计案例进行分析与评估,也为现阶段产品色彩的情感体验设计应用提供了一种简单、快捷的研究路径。