西藏萨迦县卡乌地热水的水环境效应

对西藏萨迦县卡乌村高温地热水进行实地调查,发现该地区地热水中超标(GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅱ类与WHO《饮用水水质标准》(第二版))的有害元素主要有F、B、As、Sb、Tl、Be,放射性有毒元素主要为Th、U。借助折线图、内梅罗指数法,分析冲曲河在流经该地热区前后各超标有害元素的质量浓度变化情况。结果表明,地热水严重影响了冲曲河的水质。最后,对卡乌村高温地热水的利用提出了相关建议。     

基于水资源核算的太湖流域水环境退化成本分析

为合理制定流域水价,加强流域水资源统一管理,提高水资源节约利用水平,促进水资源可持续利用,对水环境与经济社会产生的关系进行综合考量;在核算太湖流域2010年水资源的基础上,分别利用基于防护费用的评估方法和基于损害的水环境退化估价方法,计算分析2010年太湖流域水环境退化成本。结果表明:对污染物进行源头治理不仅是出于对环境保护的考虑,更是尽可能地降低水环境退化成本、避免经济损失的最佳选择。水环境退化分析为合理制定水价及水资源统一管理提供了重要参考。     

Social Engineering: Hacking the Wetware!

ABSTRACT

Social engineering is a methodology that allows an attacker to bypass technical controls by attacking the human element in an organization. There are many techniques commonly used in social engineering including but not limited to Trojan and phishing email messages, impersonation, persuasion, bribery, shoulder surfing, and dumpster diving. Hackers rely on social engineering attacks to bypass technical controls by focusing on the human factors. Social engineers often exploit the natural tendency people have toward trusting others who seem likeable or credible, deferring to authority or need to acquiesce to social conformity. Mitigation of social engineering begins with good policy and awareness training, but there are a number of other approaches an organization can take to defend against this type of an attack. Social engineering attacks are likely to increase, and it is becoming increasingly important for organizations to address this issue.     

Figure of merit for environmental SEM and its implications

A recently introduced figure of merit for environmental and low vacuum scanning electron microscopes has now been computed in the full operational pressure range for one commercial instrument. The direct simulation Monte Carlo method has been used in lieu of experimental measurements. The theory of this figure of merit is further consolidated. It is shown that a thin pressure limiting aperture can indeed be used as an optimum reference system for all instruments employing differential pumping in the transfer of an electron beam from high vacuum to high pressure. The implications of the results obtained are discussed both in relation to existing commercial instruments and associated literature to pave the way for future progress in the field.     

Floc architecture of bioflocculation sediment by ESEM and CLSM

Sediment flocculation is a critical component for the understanding of cohesive sediment dynamics. Traditionally, the referred study has largely been devoted to forming mechanism, influencing factors and physicochemical sediment conditions of all kinds of organic-flocculation and inorganic-flocculation. However, during the last decade, the bioflocculation of sediment by biological activity has been given increasing attention. But most studies have focused on the interrelations between biological and sedimentological variables. With the assistance of a newly developed field kit and correlative microscopy (which includes environmental scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy), this article begins to bridge the resolution gap between sediment particles and biological activities as well as its metabolic products biofilm, in order to better understand the role of polymeric material biofilm in floc ultrastructure and outward floc behavior of bioflocculation sediment. Results have demonstrated that bioflocculation sediment was observed to be composed of complex networks of biofilm and appeared to be of complicated physical floc structures. The biofilm was found to embed particles and permeate the void space, representing the dominant physical bridging mechanism of the flocs and contributed to the extensive surface area, architecture characteristics, and mechanical properties of bioflocculation sediment.     

青海湖生态环境演变与稳定性

根据长系列水文模型模拟结果,对青海湖的环境演变进行了分析,利用一阶周期性自回归模型对青海湖水位变化趋势及其对湖泊生态的影响进行了预测。结果表明:青海湖多年平均亏缺水量为3.31亿m3,近10 a来增温幅度较大时期的亏缺水量为5.19亿m3;保持青海湖生态稳定的关键物种为青海湖裸鲤,盐度是决定青海湖裸鲤繁殖和生长的关键环境要素,其阈值为16.8‰;考虑气候变化的影响时,青海湖水位在未来30 a会继续下降,水位阈值为3 190.25 m,2030年水位最低,为3 191.35 m,此后水位开始小幅度回升并逐渐趋稳;不考虑气候变化的影响时,预计未来30 a内青海湖水位仍会持续下降,之后下降趋势开始变缓并趋于稳定,2100年左右稳定在3 192.25 m;两种预测结果都没有下降到青海湖生态稳定的水位阈值,因此未来青海湖生态系统的稳定性不受影响。     

洞庭湖治理与湖区湿地保护探讨

洞庭湖是长江洪水的天然调蓄场所,不仅承接湘、资、沅、澧四水水沙,还纳入由荆江三口分泄的长江水沙,经湖泊调蓄后由城陵矶注入长江,形成了复杂的江湖关系,需要加强流域统一管理。通过分析洞庭湖区自然、经济状况及湖区湿地情况,结合1998年大水后湖区的治理情况及三峡工程蓄水运用后江湖关系的新变化,深入分析湖区湿地生态环境所面临的诸多问题,探讨如何在新一轮洞庭湖综合治理过程中,科学处理湖区综合治理与湿地生态环境保护与修复的关系。提出了洞庭湖统一管理措施,以便有效保护洞庭湖湿地生态环境与资源。     

大宁河补水工程环境地质条件与布置方案研究(Ⅱ)

针对丹江口水库远期补水需要,对大宁河补水工程的环境工程地质条件进行了全面研究,全面论述了东西线4个比选方案。研究认为：各方案深埋长隧洞为工程难点,但就国内外已建工程经验而言,暂未发现在经济条件许可的前提下存在不可克服的技术问题。对4个组合方案环境工程地质条件、重要非地质因素进行了比选研究,认为：西线优势方案“西线剪刀峡（檀木-茅草坡）方案”在二级泵站站址、控制性穿岭隧洞长度及其可实现最短施工长度、隧洞埋深、不稳定类岩体长度等方面优势明显;就重要非地质因素而言,该方案在抽水蓄能效益、带动当地经济发展、投资集约度与灵活度等方面优势明显,在调水保证度这一核心任务方面,西线具有突出优越性。     

引水济湖工程措施的生态环境影响评价方法

在湖泊引水方案和二维环境流体动力学模型影响预测计算结果的基础上,提出引水后湖泊环境生态影响预测评价方法:①从湖泊水景的自然度、自净(健康)度、景观度、亲水度、连通度5个方面,构造了引江济湖工程对湖泊生态-环境-景观综合影响指数评价法;②从水环境质量、生物多样性、防洪排涝、景观生态结构等方面应用质量指标法进行工程对湖泊健康综合影响评价。实例应用表明,两种评价方法可以对湖泊引水影响效果进行科学评价,结论也比较一致,为正确实施引水济湖方案提供了科学评估方法和依据。