HIGHER PLANT BIOMARKERS IN PALEOGENE CRUDE OILS FROM THE YUFUTSU OIL-AND GASFIELD AND OFFSHORE WILDCATS, JAPAN

Geochemical investigation of Paleogene oils from the onshore Yufutsu oil- and gasfield, southern Hokkaido, and from two nearby offshore wells, revealed the presence of numerous biomarkers of higher plant origin. Biomarkers in the oils belong to different groups of both angiosperm and gymnosperm origin; they include bicyclic sesquiterpanes, diterpanes, and triterpanes and their aromatized counterparts, which suggests a terrestrial origin for the oils. The oils were characterized as having a high wax content, a low content of organosulphur compounds, a high pristane/phytane ratio, and a low C₂₇/(C₂₇+C₂₉) sterane ratio.
Although the oils from on- and offshore Southern Hokkaido are similar in their geochemical composition, notable differences were observed in the biomarker signature of both saturate and aromatic fractions. The oils from the offshore wells appeared to have a greater abundance of higher plant biomarkers compared to those from the Yufutsu field, suggesting an enrichment in higher plant components. Differences in biomarker fingerprint could not be linked to the maturity effect, since the oils appeared to be of similar maturity levels, corresponding to the late stage of the oil window (0.9–1.2%, Rc). The differences in the biomarker signatures between the oils from the Yufutsu field and the offshore wells are likely to be due to facies variations in source organic matter, resulting from differences in the quantity and quality of land plant input.     

PETROLEUM POTENTIAL, THERMAL MATURITY AND THE OIL WINDOW OF OIL SHALES AND COALS IN CENOZOIC RIFT BASINS, CENTRAL AND NORTHERN THAILAND

Oil shales and coals occur in Cenozoic rift basins in central and northern Thailand. Thermally immature outcrops of these rocks may constitute analogues for source rocks which have generated oil in several of these rift basins. A total of 56 oil shale and coal samples were collected from eight different basins and analysed in detail in this study. The samples were analysed for their content of total organic carbon (TOC) and elemental composition. Source rock quality was determined by Rock‐Eval pyrolysis. Reflected light microscopy was used to analyse the organic matter (maceral) composition of the rocks, and the thermal maturity was determined by vitrinite reflectance (VR) measurements. In addition to the 56 samples, VR measurements were carried out in three wells from two oil‐producing basins and VR gradients were constructed. Rock‐Eval screening data from one of the wells is also presented. The oil shales were deposited in freshwater (to brackish) lakes with a high preservation potential (TOC contents up to 44.18 wt%). They contain abundant lamalginite and principally algal‐derived fluorescing amorphous organic matter followed by liptodetrinite and telalginite (Botryococcus‐type). Huminite may be present in subordinate amounts. The coals are completely dominated by huminite and were formed in freshwater mires. VR values from 0.38 to 0.47%R_o show that the exposed coals are thermally immature. VR values from the associated oil shales are suppressed by 0.11 to 0.28%R_o. The oil shales have H/C ratios >1.43, and Hydrogen Index (HI) values are generally >400 mg HC/g TOC and may reach 704 mg HC/ gTOC. In general, the coals have H/C ratios between about 0.80 and 0.90, and the HI values vary considerably from approximately 50 to 300 mg HC/gTOC. The HI_max of the coals, which represent the true source rock potential, range from ～160 to 310 mg HC/g TOC indicating a potential for oil/gas and oil generation. The steep VR curves from the oil‐producing basins reflect high geothermal gradients of ～62°C/km and ～92°C/km. The depth to the top oil window for the oil shales at a VR of ～0.70%R_o is determined to be between ～1100 m and 1800 m depending on the geothermal gradient. The kerogen composition of the oil shales and the high geothermal gradients result in narrow oil windows, possibly spanning only ～300 to 400 m in the warmest basins. The effective oil window of the coals is estimated to start from ～0.82 to 0.98%R_o and burial depths of ～1300 to 1400 m (～92°C/km) and ～2100 to 2300 m (～62°C/km) are necessary for efficient oil expulsion to occur.     

现场总线在冶炼烟气制酸系统中的应用实践

分析了冶炼烟气制酸工艺的特点，介绍了由PROFIBUS-DP现场总线构建的冶炼厂烟气制酸监控系统，详细介绍了其硬件配置及相应的软件设计。     

测井资料在优选压裂层位中的应用

压裂是低孔、低渗油层改造的主要增产措施。根据常规测井资料、岩石物理实验分析数据及试油成果。研究储层四性关系，确定区块的低孔、低渗储层评价标准。进一步对油层进行分类，有针对性地为油层压裂提供施工层位和准确的储层参数。通过商543区块实例，阐述了选择压裂层位的方法。     

动态评价技术在塔河碳酸盐岩缝洞型油气藏中的应用

塔河油田奥陶系油气藏是大型碳酸盐岩溶洞型油气藏，其储渗空间主要为大小不同的溶洞、裂缝带、溶蚀孔隙等组成，该油气藏具有极强的非均质性，单纯用静态资料来认识这类油气藏是非常困难。文章提出利用生产动态资料和信息进行该类型油气藏研究的新思路，利用人工神经网络技术在处理非线性相关参数预测方面的优势，并以渗流理论为基础，结合试井成果，选用已知油井的产量、油嘴、油压、含水率、气油比、原油密度等6个开发动态参数作为样品输入数据，推导出影响油气藏开发的重要参数（地层系数）与生产信息的关系，建立了人工神经网络预测储层参数的结构模型。通过塔里木盆地塔河油气田实例研究，说明了利用动态信息评价油气藏技术在碳酸盐岩缝洞型油气藏储层预测和非均质性分析等方面具有较高的实用价值。     

高浓度聚合物驱提高采收率方法实验研究

为探索一种新的提高原油采收率的方法,在外形尺寸为4.5 cm×4.5 cm×30 cm、气测渗透率0.9~1.0μm2、变异系数为0.72的二维纵向非均质人造岩心上,模拟大庆油田油藏流体性质及温度条件,研究了高浓度聚合物(HPAM)驱注入时机、聚合物相对分子质量、聚合物段塞体积及段塞组合对驱油效果的影响。通过注入大分子量、高浓度聚合物,结合合理的注入方式,在化学剂成本与三元复合驱相当的情况下,采收率比水驱提高20个百分点以上,接近或超过三元复合驱的水平。实验表明,采用高浓度聚合物驱油是一种较好的提高原油采收率的方法。     

基于CVSD编码的无线语音系统方案的设计

简要介绍了连续可变斜率增量(CVSD)调制的原理。与目前应用较为广泛的其它语音编码方式相比较,CVSD拥有更优的数字特性。着重介绍了由CML公司研制开发的基于CVSD的语音编码芯片———CMX649的特点及相关的应用方式。CMX649能够成功地应用在广泛的语音编码系统中,尤其适合无线语音系统应用。在此基础上,给出了一种实用性很强的低成本、低功耗无线语音系统的设计与应用方案。该方案可提供清晰可靠的语音传输,可广泛应用于农村地区,具有广阔的市场空间。     

数字化蓄热式钢包烘烤器及自动控制系统

蓄热式燃烧技术和脉冲燃烧技术是新型的节能环保燃烧技术。数字化蓄热式钢包烘烤器控制系统利用数字化脉冲控制把这两项技术结合在一起。这大大降低了能耗，减少环境污染。本文针对数字化蓄热式钢包烘烤器，提出升温阶段采用自寻优算法，不断调整换向时间，并能记忆最优参数，保证经过几次烘烤后系统整体最优；保温阶段即采用脉冲控制的方法。     

IDS告警融合与关联模型的研究

入侵检测是保障网络安全的重要手段,针对现有入侵检测系统中告警数量多、协调性差等问题,论文提出了一种具有告警融合与关联功能的告警处理系统模型,该模型冗余告警量少、整体检测能力强,并能进行攻击企图的预测,能有效提高入侵检测的效率,有助于进一步增强网络的健壮性。     

Frequency Insertion Strategy for Channel Assignment Problem

This paper presents a new heuristic method for quickly finding a good feasible solution to the channel assignment problem (CAP). Like many other greedy-type heuristics for CAP, the proposed method also assigns a frequency to a call, one at a time. Hence, the method requires computational time that increases only linear to the number of calls. However, what distinguishes the method from others is that it starts with a narrow enough frequency band so as to provoke violations of constraints that we need to comply with in order to avoid radio interference. Each violation is then resolved by inserting frequencies at the most appropriate positions so that the band of frequencies expands minimally. An extensive computational experiment using a set of randomly generated problems as well as the Philadelphia benchmark instances shows that the proposed method perform statistically better than existing methods of its kind and even yields optimum solutions to most of Philadelphia benchmark instances among which two cases are reported for the first time ever, in this paper. Won-Young Shin was born in Busan, Korea in 1978. He received B.S. in industrial engineering from Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) in 2001 and M.S in operation research and applied statistics from POSTECH in 2003. Since 2003 he has been a researcher of Agency for Defense Development (ADD) in Korea. He is interested in optimization of communication system and applied statistics. Soo Y. Chang is an associate professor in the Department of Industrial Engineering at Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea. He teaches linear programming, discrete optimization, network flows and operations research courses. His research interests include mathematical programming and scheduling. He has published in several journals including Discrete Applied Mathematics, Computers and Mathematics with Application, IIE Transactions, International Journal of Production Research, and so on. He is a member of Korean IIE, and ORMSS. Jaewook Lee is an assistant professor in the Department of Industrial Engineering at Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea. He received the B.S. degree in mathematics with honors from Seoul National University, and the Ph.D. degree from Cornell University in applied mathematics in 1993 and 1999, respectively. He is currently an assistant professor in the department of industrial engineering at the Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH). His research interests include nonlinear systems, neural networks, nonlinear optimization, and their applications to data mining and financial engineering. Chi-Hyuck Jun was born in Seoul, Korea in 1954. He received B.S. in mineral and petroleum engineering from Seoul National University in 1977, M.S. in industrial engineering from Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology in 1979 and Ph.D. in operations research from University of California, Berkeley, in 1986. Since 1987 he has been with the department of industrial engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) and he is now a professor and the department head. He is interested in performance analysis of communication and production systems. He has published in several journals including IIE Transactions, IEEE Transactions, Queueing Systems and Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems. He is a member of IEEE, INFORMS and ASQ.