新型低毒低刺激溶硫剂的研制及评价

通过低毒无恶臭溶硫剂DMA、DMB、DMC及DMF复配,研制了一种新型低毒低刺激溶硫剂.25 ℃时,硫在体系中的溶解度为81.5％,溶硫时间为35.2 min;90℃时,硫在体系中的溶解度为201.1％,溶硫时间为2.45 min.该溶硫剂不仅低毒低刺激,并且有较好的溶硫效果.     

Graphene Oxide/Lauryl Betaine Nano Material Synthesis and Properties

氧化石墨烯/甜菜碱纳米复合材料的制备及性质的研究

李旺^1,2, 井晶^1,2, 姜再兴², 苏迪^1,2 ,李勇枝^1,3,卢卫红^1,2*

（1． 哈尔滨工业大学 极端环境营养与防护研究所,哈尔滨 150090;

2． 哈尔滨工业大学 化工与化学学院,哈尔滨 150001;

3． 中国航天员科研训练中心,北京 100094）

中文说明：

海洋舰船污染治理迫在眉睫,目前治理舰船污染的方法主要有化学合成法和从天然物质中提取防污活性物质制备低表面能防污涂料。防污涂料的去污能力强,但毒性大,污染海洋环境,影响海洋生物的新陈代谢,不利于海洋生物的多样性。从天然物质中提取防污活性物质制备涂层虽无毒害作用,但去污能力不如化学合成的防污涂料。纳米材料的兴起使纳米防污剂成为研究热点,但纳米防污剂同样面临毒性大,有污染的问题。此外,防污涂料主要的作用通过释放有毒物质阻止污损生物附着在船舰表面,对已经形成的污染起不到清洁作用。针对已经附着在船舶表面的海洋污损生物,主要使用表面活性剂类物质祛除污染物。但传统的表面活性剂易残留,需要多次洗涤才可完全去除,操作时间长,清洗效率低。

氧化石墨烯是纳米材料的最佳载体,氧化石墨烯法纳米复合常采用溶液共混法、熔融共混法和原位聚合法等,既能保留原有组分的优点,改善原有组分的缺点,同时赋予制备的纳米复合材料新的性能。氧化石墨烯无表面活性,无法去除舰船表面的污损生物。十二烷基甜菜碱是表面活性剂的一种,优点是性质温和毒性低,良好的双亲性,但十二烷基甜菜碱也同传统的表面活性剂一样,需多次洗涤才可彻底清除,因此,本文通过溶液共混法将十二烷基甜菜碱和和氧化石墨烯复合,制备新型纳米去污剂,既有良好的去污能力,毒性又低,不污染海洋环境和海洋生物的生长繁殖,为海洋舰船污染治理提供新思路。

关键词：氧化石墨烯,十二烷基甜菜碱,表面活性,皮肤刺激性,皮肤过敏

     

Significance of hair‐dye base‐induced sensory irritation

Oxidation hair ‐ dyes, which are the principal hair ‐ dyes, sometimes induce painful sensory irritation of the scalp caused by the combination of highly reactive substances, such as hydrogen peroxide and alkali agents. Although many cases of severe facial and scalp dermatitis have been reported following the use of hair ‐ dyes, sensory irritation caused by contact of the hair ‐ dye with the skin has not been reported clearly. In this study, we used a self‐assessment questionnaire to measure the sensory irritation in various regions of the body caused by two model hair‐dye bases that contained different amounts of alkali agents without dyes. Moreover, the occipital region was found as an alternative region of the scalp to test for sensory irritation of the hair‐dye bases. We used this region to evaluate the relationship of sensitivity with skin properties, such as trans‐epidermal water loss (TEWL), stratum corneum water content, sebum amount, surface temperature, current perception threshold (CPT), catalase activities in tape‐stripped skin and sensory irritation score with the model hair‐dye bases. The hair‐dye sensitive group showed higher TEWL, a lower sebum amount, a lower surface temperature and higher catalase activity than the insensitive group, and was similar to that of damaged skin. These results suggest that sensory irritation caused by hair ‐ dye could occur easily on the damaged dry scalp, as that caused by skin cosmetics reported previously.     

新药安全性评价指导原则中有关毒理学问题的实践与思考

针对现行的药物技术指导原则中有关过敏性、刺激性试验等的技术要求,进行分析、总结,并提出相关建议,以期为临床安全用药提供参考。     

微波辐射下合成抗菌性壳聚糖双胍盐酸盐的研究

采用微波辐射技术,以壳聚糖和双氰胺为反应原料,合成了一种壳聚糖双胍盐酸盐抗菌剂。利用红外光谱、核磁谱图和扫描电镜对产物的结构进行了表征,并通过正交实验设计考察了不同反应溶剂、微波辐射功率、微波辐射时间等因素对产率和胍取代度的影响。结果表明,最佳合成反应条件为:微波采用高档辐射功率,反应溶剂为0.15mol/L盐酸,微波辐射时间15min。采用微波辐射合成壳聚糖双胍盐酸盐抗菌剂,反应速度是传统常规法的12倍,在极短的时间内获得几乎和传统合成方法同样的产率,极大地节约了时间、提高了效率。     

pH-induced alterations in stratum corneum properties

Skin-cleansing compositions based on alkyl carboxylates (soaps) have a higher irritation potential than those based on syndet surfactants such as alkyl isethionates or alkyl ether sulphates. Contributing factors include inherent differences in the irritation potential of soaps and syndet surfactants, pH-induced changes in surfactant solution chemistry, and the direct effects of pH on the physical properties of the stratum corneum (SC). Past work has not directly addressed the effect of solution pH on the SC itself and its potential role in cleanser-induced skin irritation. In the current work, alterations to SC properties induced by buffered pH solutions and two strongly ionizable surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulphate and sodium lauryl ether sulphate, at different pH values are measured. By utilizing optical coherence tomography (OCT) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy we have directly measured physical changes in SC proteins and lipids. Our results indicate that SC swelling, which reflects alterations to SC structural proteins, is increased significantly at pH 10, compared to pH 4 and 6.5. The transition temperature (T(m)) of SC lipids is found to increase at pH 10, compared to pH 4 and 6.5, suggesting a more rigid SC lipid matrix. Surfactants cause a further increase in swelling and lipid rigidity. Some aspects of what these results mean for SC physical properties as well as their implications to potential mechanisms of surfactant-induced skin irritation are discussed.     

微波辐射合成羊毛用壳聚糖胍盐酸盐抗菌剂

采用微波辐射技术合成了一种羊毛用的壳聚糖胍盐酸盐抗菌剂。微波加热法合成壳聚糖胍盐酸盐可以简化合成工艺流程,显著提高了反应速率,在极短的时间内可以获得较常规加热法同样的产率,从而提高了合成效率。探讨了微波辐射合成时的热效应、特殊微波效应和非热效应,并将合成的壳聚糖胍盐酸盐整理剂用于羊毛织物的抗菌整理,取得了很好的抗菌和耐洗效果。     

新型绿色溶剂1-庚基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐离子液体对小鼠急性暴露毒性研究

目的 探究烷基咪唑离子液体1-庚基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐(1-heptyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, C7[MIM]Cl)对小鼠急性暴露的毒性作用。方法 采用上下法, 研究了C7[MIM]Cl对小鼠的急性经口毒性并对死亡小鼠进行解剖病理学观察; 采用最大限量法确定小鼠急性经皮毒性的范围, 并评价其毒性等级; 采用急性眼刺激法, 考察C7[MIM]Cl对小鼠眼和黏膜原发性刺激和腐蚀作用。结果 研究表明C7[MIM]Cl经口暴露对小鼠的肝脏、肾脏表现出明显毒性损伤作用, 其半数致死量(50% lethal dose, LD50)为119.00 mg/(kg·bw), 95%可信区间为87.95~202.00 mg/(kg·bw), 属于中等毒性。同时急性经皮试验表明其LD50在200~1000 mg/(kg·bw)之间。急性眼刺激试验表明, C7[MIM]Cl对小鼠眼部有中度刺激性, 甚至可以导致小鼠死亡。结论 C7[MIM]Cl属于中等毒性化合物, 在食品领域应用的安全性亟待开展更广泛的毒理学评价。