An analog study with beginning therapists suggesting bias against "activity" in women.

Investigated the effects of client sex and therapist attitudes toward women on treatment planning for an "active" client by having 28 social workers, 28 psychiatrists, 2 nurses, and 3 psychologists (aged 20–30 yrs) formulate a treatment plan for either a male or female client whose cases were identical except for client sex. The client was portrayed as active in work, sex, and interpersonal relationships. Results show bias against activity in women: The female client was seen as having an intrapsychic problem requiring individual insight-oriented therapy, while the male client, with the same presenting problem of marital conflict, was seen as having an interpersonal relationship problem requiring couples' therapy. Activity in a woman was viewed as neurotic. The conflict was conceptualized as unresolved issues about sexual identification, implying normal femininity had not been achieved. Therapists expected that the woman would make the concessions in the relationship and would compromise her career ambitions to achieve a more satisfactory balance of the roles of career woman and wife. It is suggested that therapists must reexamine their conceptualization of activity in men and women and the consequences of their beliefs in everyday clinical practice. (22 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

长沙市职业女性参与休闲的职业差异研究

如今,随着经济的发展和女性意识的转变,女性休闲正发生着巨大变化。本文通过对长沙市职业女性的休闲目的、休闲时间、休闲场所、休闲活动、休闲同伴、获取休闲资讯的渠道的研究,发现不同长沙市职业女性在参与休闲方面存在差异,并依据差异性提出了推动不同职业女性参与休闲的方法。     

Subjective perceptions of load carriage on the head and back in Xhosa women

The purpose of this study was to compare the subjective perceptual responses to both head-loading and back-loading in a group of Xhosa women. Thirty two women were divided into three groups based on their experience of head-loading and walked on a treadmill on two occasions, head-loading and back-loading, at a self selected walking speed for 4 min with a variety of loads until pain or discomfort caused the test to be terminated or a load of 70% body mass was successfully carried. After each workload there was a 1 min rest period during which the women indicated feelings of pain or discomfort in particular areas of the body via visual analogue scales. At the end of each test the women were asked to complete further questionnaires relating to pain and discomfort and on completion of the second test were also asked to compare the two loading conditions. Finally the women were interviewed to establish their history of load carriage and associated pain and discomfort. The data indicate that whilst back-loading was generally associated with more areas of discomfort than head-loading, the pain and discomfort in the neck associated with head-loading was the predominant factor in the termination of tests and that this was independent of head-loading experience. This early termination meant that, on average, the women could carry greater loads on their backs than on their heads. The study suggests that further work needs to be carried out to establish viable alternatives to head-loading for rural dwellers in Africa.     

Changes in Young People's Sexual Behavior and Attitudes, 1943-1999: A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis.

A cross-temporal meta-analysis of 530 studies (N = 269,649) showed that young people's sexual attitudes and behavior changed substantially between 1943 and 1999, with the largest shifts occurring among girls and young women. Both young men and women became more sexually active over time, as measured by age at first intercourse (decreasing from 19 to 15 years among young women) and percentage sexually active (increasing from 13% to 47% among young women). Attitudes toward premarital intercourse became more lenient, with approval increasing from 12% to 73% among young women and from 40% to 79% among young men. Feelings of sexual guilt decreased. The correlation between attitudes and behaviors was stronger among young women. These data support theories positing that culture has a larger effect on women's sexuality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Gold Medal Award for Life Achievement in Psychology in the Public Interest: Florence L. Denmark.

The 2004 Gold Medal Award for Life Achievement in Psychology in the Public Interest is awarded to Florence L. Denmark. She is recognized for her efforts to help legitimize the psychology of women by teaching the first doctoral psychology course in the field and through her scholarly texts and articles. She continues to have an impact on the psychology of women through her journal editorial memberships, her writing of articles for books and journals, her television and newspaper interviews, and through her mentoring activities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

An Interactive Psychoeducational Intervention for Women at Risk of Developing an Eating Disorder.

This study evaluated a synchronous Internet-delivered intervention (chat room) for improving eating habits and body image in college-age women at risk for developing an eating disorder. Sixty at-risk women (mean age = 18.9, SD = 2.4; 65.0% Caucasian, 19% Latino/Hispanic, 8% Asian/Pacific Islander, 3% African American, 5% other; mean body mass index = 25.6, SD = 5.7) were randomly assigned to intervention (n = 30) or control (n = 30) groups. Once a week for 8 weeks, participants used a private chat room for a 1-hr moderated discussion focused on improving body image and eating behaviors. Additional treatment components included psychoeducation, asynchronous support, homework, and summaries. Assessments were conducted at baseline, posttreatment, and 10 weeks after posttreatment. Participants indicated high satisfaction with the intervention mode. Intervention participants significantly reduced eating pathology and improved self-esteem over controls at follow-up. These findings suggest that synchronous, Internet-delivered programs are efficacious and have potential to reduce problematic attitudes and behaviors that may lead to eating disorders among college-age women. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Biomechanics of rising from a chair and walking in pregnant women

The present study aimed to assess the changes in the pattern of rising from a chair and walking forward as pregnancy progressed. Twelve pregnant women and 10 nulliparous women were included in this study. Participants were videotaped with a digital video camera in the sagittal plane, and the coordinates of the markers attached to the subjects were identified using image analysis software. The peak trunk-flexion angle in pregnant women during rising was smaller, but the hip-extension angle during the stance phase was larger than in controls. Also, the peak horizontal and vertical velocities of the center of mass were lower, and appeared earlier, in pregnant women than in controls. During rising, pregnant women dampened the propulsion attributable to increased uterus volume, and they enhanced the forward propulsion at gait initiation. To ensure safe motion, pregnant women should not initiate gait until reaching a stable standing position after rising.     

保障性安居工程在质量监督工作中存在的突出问题与对策研究

目前,保障性安居工程在建设中还存在一些问题,本文通过对保障性安居工程在建设中存在的主要问题进行总结、归纳和分析,提出了解决突出问题的对策.     

Self-subjugation among women: Exposure to sexist ideology, self-objectification, and the protective function of the need to avoid closure.

Despite extensive evidence confirming the negative consequences of self-objectification, direct experimental evidence concerning its environmental antecedents is scarce. Incidental exposure to sexist cues was employed in 3 experiments to investigate its effect on self-objectification variables. Consistent with system justification theory, exposure to benevolent and complementary forms of sexism, but not hostile or no sexism, increased state self-objectification, self-surveillance, and body shame among women but not men in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, we replicated these effects and demonstrated that they are specific to self-objectification and not due to a more general self-focus. In addition, following exposure to benevolent sexism only, women planned more future behaviors pertaining to appearance management than did men; this effect was mediated by self-surveillance and body shame. Experiment 3 revealed that the need to avoid closure might afford women some protection against self-objectification in the context of sexist ideology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On Objectification of Women in English Poetry

Ever since Edmund Spenser through Robert Burns and Robert Browning to Edgar Allan Poe, the objectification of women is of a long standing in English poetry. A survey of their poems, in parallel to death poetry by Emily Dickinson, shows that the negative p