Interpreting the negative mood-helping literature via "mega"-analysis: A contrary view.

"Mega"-analysis was developed by M. Carlson and N. Miller (see record 1987-31249-001) as an extension of traditional meta-analytic procedures for conducting integrative reviews of existing research literatures. One such mega-analysis was conducted by Carlson and Miller to synthesize the literature on the relation between negative mood states and helping. That analysis found no support for a theoretical account (negative state relief) that had been confirmed previously by using various experimental approaches. In an attempt to reconcile the discrepancy, the logic and methods used in Carlson and Miller's mega-analysis of the negative mood-helping literature were examined, and several serious problems were found. These problems are discussed, and data are presented to show that the results of that mega-analysis, and perhaps all mega-analyses, should not be viewed with confidence. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The effects of long-term VDT usage on the nature and incidence of asthenopic symptoms

An opportunity arose in 1985 to become involved in a transition of working practice from hard copy to VDT. Over a two-year period, 161 VDT users and 65 control subjects in the same office environment were regularly and routinely examined for symptoms of asthenopia. The analysis of data shows that there are no significant differences in type, number and frequency of the work-related symptoms between VDT users and non-VDT users. It appears that reporting of symptoms within the group may be random, although certain symptoms do appear more frequently than others. Additionally, it appears that there is a significant difference between male and female users in the frequency of symptom reporting.     

Motivational bases of the public goods problem.

Compared 2 motivational bases for not contributing to a public good, desire to "free ride" (or greed) and fear of being a "sucker," among 110 Japanese undergraduates. It was hypothesized that these 2 types of motivation would be activated under different situations. When a public good was provided conjunctively, fear would have a strong effect but greed would not; when a public good was disjunctively provided, greed would have a strong effect but fear would not. In addition, it was predicted that the greater mutual trust existing among friends would make them contribute more than strangers would in the conjunctive condition but would make no difference in the disjunctive condition. Three types of production rules, in which a public good was conjunctively, disjunctively, or additively produced on the basis of members' contributions, were experimentally created. Half of the groups in each condition consisted of total strangers, and the other half consisted of friends. The hypotheses were supported when the size of the public good (bonus points) was relatively large. Also, Ss responded similarly in the conjunctive condition and in the additive condition. (25 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Latchkey children and susceptibility to peer pressure: An ecological analysis.

Data on adolescents' after-school experiences and their susceptibility to peer pressure were derived from surveys administered to a heterogeneous sample of 865 adolescents in Grades 5–9. Consistent with the findings of previous studies, the results show that Ss who reported home after school were not significantly different from those who were supervised by their parents at home during after-school hours. However, when a 2nd sample of latchkey children (n?=?594) was studied to include greater variation in after-school experiences, Ss who were more removed from adult supervision were found to be more susceptible to peer pressure to engage in antisocial activity. Ss who were home alone were less susceptible to peer pressure than are those who were at a friend's house after school, and those who were at a friend's house, in turn, were less susceptible than were those who describe themselves as "hanging out." Moreover, latchkey Ss whose parents knew their whereabouts and those who had been raised authoritatively were less susceptible to peer influence than were their peers, even if their afternoons were spent in contexts in which adult supervision was lax and susceptibility to peer pressure was generally high. (17 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sex-Related Differences in Regional Blood–Brain Barrier Integrity in Non-Demented Elderly Subjects

The role of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown has been recognized as being important in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. We aimed to evaluate whether regional BBB integrity differed according to sex and whether differences in BBB integrity changed as a consequence of aging or cognitive decline, using dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In total, 75 participants with normal cognition (NC) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) underwent cognitive assessments and MRI examination including DCE-MRI. Regional K_trans was calculated in cortical regions and the Patlak permeability model was used to calculate BBB permeability (K_trans, min⁻¹). Females had a lower median K_trans in the cingulate and occipital cortices. In the “older old” group, sex differences in K_trans were only observed in the occipital cortex. In the MCI group, sex differences in K_trans were only observed in the occipital cortex. Age was the only predictor of cognitive assessment scores in the male MCI group; however, educational years and K_trans in the occipital cortex could predict cognitive scores in the female MCI group. Our study revealed that females may have better BBB integrity in cingulate and occipital cortices. We also found that sex-related differences in BBB integrity are attenuated with aging or cognitive decline.     

Misidentification by wild rabbits,Oryctolagus cuniculus,of group members carrying the odor of foreign inguinal gland secretion

To demonstrate that the inguinal gland odor conveys information on the identity of individuals, 60 male, wild-type rabbits,Oryctolagus cuniculus, living in groups of three in outdoor pens, were used in 120 tests. Members of the groups smeared with the inguinal gland secretion from unfamiliar rabbits were attacked by their penmates. In contrast the odors of chin gland secretions and urine of strange rabbits and of a commercial perfume did not cause serious disruption to the social relationships within the groups.     

2-Methylthiazolidine and 4-ethylguaiacol,male sex pheromone components of the cockroachNauphoeta cinerea (dictyoptera,blaberidae): A reinvestigation

InNauphoeta cinerea, male calling behavior is associated with sex pheromone release by the sternal glands. The male pheromone that attracts females from a distance is a mixture of 2-methylthiazolidine and 4-ethylguaiacol. It is active at very low concentrations, 0.05 and 0.01 ng, respectively. Two other compounds, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone and 2-methyl-2thiazoline, act at close range, keeping the female in the vicinity of the male. The function of the volatile pheromone and those of previously described contact pheromones are discussed in regard to their possible involvement in the establishment of male dominant-subordinate relationships.     

4种杀螨剂对二斑叶螨抗性种群不同发育阶段的致毒作用研究

运用浸渍法和叶片残毒法测定了4种杀螨剂及其混剂对二斑叶螨抗性种群不同发育阶段的致毒作用。结果表明：阿维菌素对雌成螨的毒力最高，LC50为0．0864mg/L；其次为溴虫腈和阿维菌素＋哒螨灵（1：15），LC50分别为9．5377mg/L和1.4412mg/L。对卵的毒力溴虫腈最高，LC50为0.1223mg/L；其次为阿维菌素和阿维菌素＋哒螨灵（1：15），LC50分别为0.4425mg/L和0.6827mg/L。对二斑叶螨的室内控制效果依次为溴虫腈＞阿维菌素＋哒螨灵（1：15）＞哒螨灵＞阿维菌素＞哒螨灵＋甲氰菊酯（1：1）＞甲氰菊酯。     

分割法在女装立体裁剪中的应用

文章通过分割法在女装立体裁剪中的应用,系统地阐述分割法特点及其种类,分割法立体裁剪造型工艺处理技术五原则,使之对分割类女装的设计、制作有一定的参考价值。以此希望能提高分割法在服装立体裁剪中运用的功效。     

德国“双元制”职业教育对我国女性职教改革的启示——以广东女子职业技术学院为例

德国"双元制"职业教育以其行动导向的实践与理论,企业与学校紧密结合的学习,即学习与工作结合,在工作中学习的职业教育模式,突显其价值与效益,在国际职业教育比较中颇具强势。文章从高职教育的发展趋势,对"双元制"职业教育的特点和结构改革进行分析和探讨,提出了发展我国职教尤其是女性职业教育改革的几点建议。