The Case Against False Hope.

Comments on the article by J. Polivy and P.C. Herman (see record 2002-15790-001) regarding false hopes of self-change. This commentary examines the weaknesses of their model and its supporting data, and offers reviews of recent theory and research suggesting that hope is quite authentic. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Exploration of Multi-State Environments: Local Measures and Back-Propagation of Uncertainty

This paper presents an action selection technique for reinforcement learning in stationary Markovian environments. This technique may be used in direct algorithms such as Q-learning, or in indirect algorithms such as adaptive dynamic programming. It is based on two principles. The first is to define a local measure of the uncertainty using the theory of bandit problems. We show that such a measure suffers from several drawbacks. In particular, a direct application of it leads to algorithms of low quality that can be easily misled by particular configurations of the environment. The second basic principle was introduced to eliminate this drawback. It consists of assimilating the local measures of uncertainty to rewards, and back-propagating them with the dynamic programming or temporal difference mechanisms. This allows reproducing global-scale reasoning about the uncertainty, using only local measures of it. Numerical simulations clearly show the efficiency of these propositions.     

How Do People Learn to Allocate Resources? Comparing Two Learning Theories.

How do people learn to allocate resources? To answer this question, 2 major learning models are compared, each incorporating different learning principles. One is a global search model, which assumes that allocations are made probabilistically on the basis of expectations formed through the entire history of past decisions. The 2nd is a local adaptation model, which assumes that allocations are made by comparing the present decision with the most successful decision up to that point, ignoring all other past decisions. In 2 studies, participants repeatedly allocated a capital resource to 3 financial assets. Substantial learning effects occurred, although the optimal allocation was often not found. From the calibrated models of Study 1, a priori predictions were derived and tested in Study 2. This generalization test shows that the local adaptation model provides a better account of learning in resource allocations than the global search model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Change in Cognitive Mediators of Rape's Impact on Psychosocial Health Across 2 Years of Recovery.

A previously published cross-sectional model of cognitive mediation of rape's impact on health (M. P. Koss, A. J. Figueredo, & R. J. Prince, 2002) was replicated longitudinally. Rape survivors (n = 59) were assessed 4 times at 3-24 months postrape. Growth curve analysis demonstrated significant change in all mediators and outcomes. Previously reported effects of Characterological Self-Blame, Behavioral Self- Blame, and Maladaptive Beliefs on Psychosocial Distress were partially cross-validated in intercept and slope data. The results suggest that Characterological Self-Blame sets the initial level of Psychosocial Distress and that reduction in Behavioral Self-Blame drives recovery. These effects on distress were wholly mediated through self-blame's association with alterations in beliefs about self and others. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Nature and role of sexual pheromones emitted by males ofAcrolepiopsis assectella (LEP.)

Seven compounds that do not exist in the extracts from legs of males have been isolated in the hair-pencil extracts of maleAcrolepiopsis assectella. By combining techniques of GC-MS and GC-FT-IR, six of these compounds have been identified. They are sixn-alkanes: hexadecane (C₁₆), heptadecane (C₁₇), octadecane (C₁₈), nonadecane (C₁₉), eicosane (C₂₀), and heneicosane (C₂₁). Twelven-alkanes of the homologous series, from the C₁₄–C₂₅ compounds were presented to virgin females, mated females, and males. At the end of the scotophase, four of then-alkanes (C₁₆, C₁₇, C₁₉, C₂₁) present in the hair-pencil extract induced the virgin females to adopt the acceptance posture after having induced the virgin females to remain stationary. The two othern-alkanes (C₁₈ and C₂₀) present in the extract have less effect on the females similar to then-alkanes not present in the males. The blends tested do not seem to indicate any synergy between the most active compounds. The threen-alkanes with an odd number of carbons and the C₁₆ compound would thus be the principle components of the male pheromone ofA. assectella. As well as their role of female aphrodisiac, they tend to make males and fertilized females flee.     

73mm×5mm薄壁摩擦焊绳索取心钻杆的研制

介绍了国内绳索取心钻杆和摩擦焊技术的现状。通过对3种深孔绳索取心钻杆连接结构和生产过程的对比,分析了薄壁摩擦焊绳索取心钻杆用于深孔钻探的优势。介绍了73 mm×5 mm薄壁摩擦焊绳索取心钻杆的结构设计和加工过程,提出了焊接过程的主要技术问题和注意事项。通过拉力扭矩试验得出钻杆主要技术参数,能承受的最大拉力580 kN,最大扭矩5500 N·m,建议使用深度2000~3000 m。     

二阶系统包容控制算法及其收敛速度分析

针对具有多领航者的二阶系统分布式协同控制问题,提出了一种一般性的包容控制算法,并基于控制增益系数和系统信息拓扑拉普拉斯矩阵的特征值给出了系统收敛的充分必要条件．在此基础上,进一步研究了控制增益系数和系统信息拓扑对系统收敛速度的影响,给出了取得极大收敛速度的控制增益系数解析表达式,并利用Weyl定理证明了增加系统中的信息链路可以提高系统收敛速度．最后,系统仿真验证了所得结论的正确性．     

How to charge for network services – flat-rate or usage-based?

Currently, the Internet service provider market offers two different types of pricing plans. In the USA, the predominant pricing plan is a flat-rate plan. In Europe and Asia, the predominant one is a per-minute pricing plan. Enrolled in such a pricing plan, users have to pay for the connect time to the Internet. Although Internet Service Providers (ISPs) have competed heavily for users in these last few years, they only have focused on trying to offer the lowest price within such pricing plans. A potentially more profitable and sustainable method of doing business would be for ISPs to differentiate themselves by offering more customized pricing plans for certain user groups. An important question then is whether a pricing plan exists that is attractive to users, but also allows ISPs to build a sustainable business. Based on empirical results of the INternet Demand EXperiment (INDEX) project, we discuss a pricing plan for Internet access that appears to be appreciated by Internet users as well as by ISPs. This pricing plan combines the advantages of flat-rate pricing and usage-based pricing. Users will benefit by receiving unlimited access to a basic service with the choice of higher quality of service (QoS) whenever they demand. From the ISPs' perspective, such a pricing plan will help any ISP to focus on certain user groups and to reduce peak network load.     

高职女生饮食习惯与肥胖问题的调查与分析

目的:了解并分析北京某高职院校女生的饮食习惯和肥胖问题,为科学指导合理膳食和调控体重提供科学依据。方法:随机选取150名高职女生,进行膳食调查与人体测量,对高职女生的体质指数、减肥行为、饮食习惯等进行调查,所得数据进行统计分析。结果:高职女生肥胖的检出率较高,对自我体重评价的正确率低,普遍具有减肥的意愿,减肥方法不科学;绝大多数高职女生有吃夜宵的习惯,而且夜宵食物的选择不科学;经常吃洋快餐、油炸食物,经常喝酒、喝饮料,进食速度快的高职女生所占比例较高。结论:高职女生肥胖检出率较高,需要进行体重调控;高职女生存在不良的减肥行为和饮食习惯,应有针对性地开展积极有效的营养健康教育,以纠正和建立良好的饮食习惯,科学调控体重。     

论女性群体的消费心理与商品包装

女性消费群体在市场购物活动中扮演着重要角色 ,有着特别重要的影响和作用。商品包装的促销策略要努力与女性消费心理相结合