Fractionating the preview benefit in search: Dual-task decomposition of visual marking by timing and modality.

Providing participants with a preview of half the distractors in a visual search task facilitates performance. The present study examined the effects of secondary tasks on the preview benefit in search. Participants had to attend to a visual or an auditory stream of digits that began either (a) at the onset of the preview or (b) after the preview. Secondary tasks that onset with the preview disrupted the preview benefit irrespective of their modality. Only visual secondary tasks disrupted the benefit in the delayed condition. These selective interference effects suggest that the preview benefit can be fractionated into 2 components: an initialization component that involves modality-independent resources and a maintenance component that depends on visual resources. Results are discussed in relation to theoretical accounts of the preview benefit in search. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Updating one's knowledge about the current status of vehicles in a freight system simulation

The use of simulations of real-world settings can provide data relevant to ergonomics problems in a wide range of similar settings. This paper reports on a simulation of a freight service operation. It examines the effect of manipulating the type and format of information representation on the ability to update knowledge about the status of three vehicles. In addition, the effects of display type and the detection of violations of pre-learned rules on the ability to update are examined. The display format proved not to be a critical factor but the requirement to detect rule violations of a specific vehicle resulted in better memory-updating performance for that vehicle. The results are discussed in terms of a human memory mechanism, which is analogous to a computer operating system, involved in updating memory and detecting violations. Finally, the value of using this tool to examine complex cognitive processes relevant to the workplace is discussed.     

Instrument semiotics: a semiotic approach to interface components

This paper will briefly present a semiotic approach to instrument interfaces based on a conceptual analysis of display and control components and their compositional semantics. Display and control components can be considered as prototypical objects that are themselves constructed from combinations of more elementary signs expressed in some combination of media. Different types of signs (or ‘representational modalities’) and different types of media have different semantic and syntactic properties. These properties will to some extent determine what different combinations of media and signs are good for, i.e. what kinds of information can be adequately expressed in a given media–modality combination, and what kinds of cognitive support it will give to the social agents using it in a work context. The relevance of such an approach is partly in enhancing our understanding of instrument interfaces and human–machine interaction in complex work domains and partly to support the design and development of flexible and tailorable instrument interfaces.     

面向多种语料的语气词用法规则问题研究

语气词用法的自动识别是现代汉语语气词知识库的核心问题。使用规则方法研究了语气词用法在多种语料库中的识别问题,从多种语料库中的语气词实际用法入手,修改和完善了语气词用法词典和语气词用法规则库。实验数据表明,经过修改和完善,语气词用法在各语料库中的识别准确率有所提高,增强了语气词知识库的适用性。     

Individual differences in visuospatial working memory capacity influence the modality effect

The cognitive theory of multimedia learning postulates learning information in a dual-modality design is more effective than in a single modality, which is known as the modality effect. Research has found that the modality effect supports problem-solving learning, but not retention-based learning. This divergence in findings can be explained by the mediating effects of individual differences in visuospatial working memory. The current study confirmed the modality effect, showing superiority of dual-modality over single modality. Results revealed a significant interaction between visuospatial working memory and modality by retention, but no such interaction was obtained for problem solving. It was found that learners with low visuospatial working memory scored higher on retention in dual modality than these in single modality. Interestingly, no differences were found for learners with high visuospatial working memory on retention in both single- and dual-modality conditions. The findings may explain for whom the modality effect works in relation to retention. Finally, the analysis showed no association between modality conditions and subtypes of cognitive load, that is, extraneous and germane cognitive load.     

The importance of liking of appearance, -odour, -taste and -texture in the evaluation of overall liking. A comparison with the evaluation of sensory satisfaction

The response variable of overall liking is often used to measure consumers’ overall hedonic response to food. However, little research is done to understand, if liking of all four sensory modalities; appearance, odour, taste and texture, are reflected in the evaluation of overall liking, or if a single sensory modality stands out and is of most importance. The term sensory satisfaction was recently introduced as an alternative to overall liking and should (at least in theory) be used by consumers as a more holistic response variable than overall liking. The aim of the analyses reported in the present paper were, to study the importance of the sensory modalities (liking of appearance, odour, taste and texture) in consumers’ evaluation of overall liking and compare the findings to the importance of the sensory modalities (liking of appearance, odour, taste and texture) in consumers’ evaluation of sensory satisfaction. The data came from a cross-over consumer case-study on apple-cherry fruit drinks (n = 67). The fruit drinks varied in: type of sweetener used, and addition of aroma and fibre. The modalities driving overall liking and sensory satisfaction were studied through slopes of a regression line relating overall liking and sensory satisfaction, respectively, to liking of the sensory modalities: liking of appearance, -odour, -taste and -texture. Results showed the steepest slope between overall liking and liking of taste, whereas the least steep slope was found for liking of odour. The same pattern between slopes was found for sensory satisfaction and overall liking. Therefore, it was concluded that consumers primarily paid attention to liking of taste (to be understood as flavour) and least attention to liking of odour, when evaluating overall liking and sensory satisfaction, respectively, and that consumers did not use sensory satisfaction as a more holistic response variable than overall liking.     

水轮发电机定子短路故障形式分析及其算法设计

水轮发电机定子内部故障破坏性强,研究有效的主保护配置方案尤为必要,而主保护配置方案的优化设计又以发电机可能发生的内部短路故障形式分析为基础。目前大型水轮发电机定子绕组普遍采用多分支双层波绕或叠绕的结构,文章针对这2种绕组结构,详细分析了发电机内部可能发生的所有故障形式特点,设计了可形成各自故障集的通用算法,并介绍了该算法在三峡左岸Alstom电机(波绕)和柘溪电站扩建工程发电机(叠绕)定子故障形式分析中的应用。     

江南水乡新居住形态的探讨-"新江南水乡"国际设计竞赛回顾

“新江南水乡”的提出是为了唤醒一种自然的城市发展观,激发一种人文的城市居住观,倡导一种包容的城市价值观。这里的居住格局避开千城一面的西方现代化城市模式,发展成中国性格的城市形态。本文就竞赛成果,探讨新江南水乡的规划设想和居住形态。     

略论城市建筑文化

本文从城市建筑与文明进程、文化价值及美学特征的关系入手,在城市建筑与文化的完整地、广泛地、密切地联系以及城市建筑体现文化价值的必然性、典型性、深刻性等方面对“城市建筑文化”这一命题进行了论证,并对城市建筑既是文化的栽体,又是文化的一种形态作了说明。