Using Latent Trait Modeling to Conceptualize an Alcohol Problems Continuum.

Recent research points toward the viability of conceptualizing alcohol problems as arrayed along a continuum. Nevertheless, modern statistical techniques designed to scale multiple problems along a continuum (latent trait modeling; LTM) have rarely been applied to alcohol problems. This study applies LTM methods to data on 110 problems reported during in-person interviews of 1,348 middle-aged men (mean age=43) from the general population. The results revealed a continuum of severity linking the 110 problems, ranging from heavy and abusive drinking, through tolerance and withdrawal, to serious complications of alcoholism. These results indicate that alcohol problems can be arrayed along a dimension of severity and emphasize the relevance of LTM to informing the conceptualization and assessment of alcohol problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Discriminative Stimulus, Reinforcing, Physical Dependence, and Antinociceptive Effects of Oxycodone in Mice, Rats, and Rhesus Monkeys.

Despite oxycodone's (4,5-epoxy-14-hydroxy-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6-one) history of clinical use and the attention it has received as a drug of abuse, few reports have documented its pharmacology's relevance to its abuse or its mechanism of action. The purposes of the present study were to further characterize the analgesic effects of oxycodone, its mechanism of action, and its effects in terms of its relevance to its abuse liability. The results indicate that oxycodone had potent antinociceptive effects in the mouse paraphenylquinone writhing, hot-plate, and tail-flick assays, in which it appeared to be acting as a μ-opioid receptor agonist. It generalized to the heroin discriminative stimulus and served as a positive reinforcer in rats and completely suppressed withdrawal signs in morphinedependent rhesus monkeys. These results suggest that the analgesic and abuse liability effects of oxycodone are likely mediated through μ-opioid receptors and provide the first laboratory report of its discriminative stimulus, reinforcing, and morphine cross-dependency effects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

次临界或低功率启动工况下提棒事故分析

由于控制棒抽出引起堆芯内反应性失控增加,从而导致核功率剧增的事故定义为一组控制棒组件抽出事故。这种瞬态可能是反应堆控制系统或棒控系统失灵引起的。多普勒负反应性反馈效应能在保护动作延迟的时间内将功率限制在可接受的水平。该事故中,燃料棒表面可能发生偏离泡核沸腾(departure from nucleate boiling,简称DNB),导致燃料元件包壳烧毁;燃料芯块也可能发生熔化,对包壳产生不利影响。文章对岭澳混合堆芯和提高富集度论证次临界或低功率启动工况下提棒事故进行了分析。分析结果表明,事故瞬态中不会发生燃料芯块熔化或燃料元件包壳烧毁,可以保证燃料元件的完整性,燃料设计满足限制准则。     

A semi‐adaptive control approach to closed‐loop medication infusion

This paper presents a semi‐adaptive control approach to closed‐loop medication infusion problems. The rationale underlying this approach is to design a controller that can adapt model parameters with a large impact on the model's fidelity while fixing the remaining parameters at nominal values. In this paper, a control‐oriented model for this purpose is derived via system identification and sensitivity analysis of a low‐order model capturing the direct dose‐response relationship Using the model thus derived, a model‐reference adaptive controller and a composite adaptive controller are designed and compared with each other. In‐silico simulation results using remifentanil's effect on respiratory rate as an example indicate that both controllers can regulate the output at commanded set points. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of abruptly changing withdrawal rate on solidification microstructure in directionally solidified Al-4.5wt%Cu alloy简

Al-4.5wt.%Cu alloy has been directionally solidified at constant and abruptly changing withdrawal rates, respectively. The effects of the withdrawal rate on solidification microstructure, primary dendrite arm spacing(PDAS) and liquid solute distribution in front of the solid-liquid interface were investigated. The experimental results for the PDAS at a constant withdrawal rate agree well with the values calculated by the Hunt, Trivedi and Hunt-Lu models. At an abrupt change in the withdrawal rate, the maximum to minimum ratio of the PDAS at a given solidification parameter, i.e. λ1max/λ1min, is more than 2, and the PDAS values are remarkably history-dependent. Further, the liquid-solute distribution curve based on theoretical calculation shows that the larger the initial withdrawal rate is, the smaller the minimum of liquid solute concentration in front of the solid-liquid interface is after the abrupt change in withdrawal rate.     

Fuel Pin Behavior under Slow-Ramp-type Transient-Overpower Conditions in the CABRI-FAST Experiments

In the CABRI-FAST experimental program, four in-pile tests were performed with slow-power-ramptype transient-overpower conditions (called hereafter as “slow TOP”) to study transient fuel pin behavior under inadvertent control-rod-withdrawal-type events in liquid-metal-cooled fast breeder reactors. The slow TOP test with a preirradiated solid-pellet fuel pin under a power ramp rate of approximately 3%Po/s was realized as a comparatory test against an existing test in the CABRI-2 program where approximately 1%Po/s was adopted with the same type of fuel pin. In spite of the different power ramp rates, the evaluated fuel thermal conditions at the observed failure time are quite similar. Three slow TOP tests with the preirradiated annular fuel resulted in no pin failure showing a high failure threshold. Based on posttest examination data and a theoretical evaluation, it was concluded that intrapin free spaces, such as central hole, macroscopic cracks, and fuel-cladding gap, effectively mitigated the fuel cladding mechanical interaction. It was also clarified that cavity pressurization became effective only in the case of a very large amount of fuel melting. These CABRI-FAST slow TOP tests, in combination with the existing CABRI and TREAT tests, provided an extended slow TOP test database under various fuel and transient conditions.     

缺血性脑卒中患者CYP2C19基因多态性与个体化用药的相关性

目的：探讨根据CYP2C19代谢分型进行的个体化用药调整对于氯吡格雷治疗缺血性脑卒中的指导作用,为临床个体化用药提供参考。方法：纳入80例脑梗死患者,根据是否行CYP2C19基因检测分为经基因检测的个体化用药指导组40例和非基因检测的对照组40例。个体化用药指导组根据CYP2C19代谢分为：慢代谢型、中间代谢型、快代谢型及超快代谢型。快代谢型及超快代谢型按照常规使用氯吡格雷75 mg,每天1次。中间代谢型采用双倍氯吡格雷剂量150 mg,每天1次。慢代谢型患者氯吡格雷更换为替格瑞洛90 mg,每天2次或停用氯吡格雷,改用阿司匹林肠溶片100 mg每天1次;对照组按照常规使用氯吡格雷75 mg,每天1次。对所有入组患者出院后进行为期3个月的门诊或电话随访。比较两组血管事件发生率和改良Rankin量表（mRS）（0-1）发生率。结果：个体化用药指导组血管事件发生率明显低于对照组,mRS评分（0-1）发生率明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：经CYP2C19基因检测对缺血性脑卒中患者进行的个体化用药,能显著降低血管不良事件发生率,同时对于患者预后生活能力改善也有显著提高。     

综采工作面末采阶段等压原理与顶板控制技术

为研究大采高综采工作面末采阶段矿压显现规律及等压技术原理,以察哈素煤矿3101工作面末采阶段开采为背景,采用理论分析和现场实测的方法,确定合理等压措施和末采支护方案。研究结果表明:工作面加速推进可使来压步距和来压持续长度明显增加,而对支架工作载荷、动载系数等来压特征影响较小。现场应用显示:停采等压技术可有效控制来压位置,减小来压步距和来压持续长度;合理留设等压间隔煤柱,可确保挂网和贯通回撤阶段顶板压力显现较为缓和。     

Hyperthermia and Serotonin: The Quest for a “Better Cyproheptadine”

Fine temperature control is essential in homeothermic animals. Both hyper- and hypothermia can have deleterious effects. Multiple, efficient and partly redundant mechanisms of adjusting the body temperature to the value set by the internal thermostat exist. The neural circuitry of temperature control and the neurotransmitters involved are reviewed. The GABAergic inhibitory output from the brain thermostat in the preoptic area POA to subaltern neural circuitry of temperature control (Nucleus Raphe Dorsalis and Nucleus Raphe Pallidus) is a function of the balance between the (opposite) effects mediated by the transient receptor potential receptor TRPM2 and EP3 prostaglandin receptors. Activation of TRPM2-expressing neurons in POA favors hypothermia, while inhibition has the opposite effect. Conversely, EP3 receptors induce elevation in body temperature. Activation of EP3-expressing neurons in POA results in hyperthermia, while inhibition has the opposite effect. Agonists at TRPM2 and/or antagonists at EP3 could be beneficial in hyperthermia control. Activity of the neural circuitry of temperature control is modulated by a variety of 5-HT receptors. Based on the theoretical model presented the “ideal” antidote against serotonin syndrome hyperthermia appears to be an antagonist at the 5-HT receptor subtypes 2, 4 and 6 and an agonist at the receptor subtypes 1, 3 and 7. Very broadly speaking, such a profile translates in a sympatholytic effect. While a compound with such an ideal profile is presently not available, better matches than the conventional antidote cyproheptadine (used off-label in severe serotonin syndrome cases) appear to be possible and need to be identified.