Gender differences in acute tobacco withdrawal: Effects on subjective, cognitive, and physiological measures.

Gender differences in tobacco withdrawal are of considerable clinical importance, but research findings on this topic have been mixed. Methodological variation in samples sizes, experimental design, and measures across studies may explain the inconsistent results. The current study examined whether male (n = 101) and female (n = 102) smokers (≥15 cigarettes/day) differed in abstinence-induced changes on a battery of self-report measures (withdrawal, affect, craving), cognitive performance tasks (attention, psychomotor performance), and physiological responses (heart rate, blood pressure, brain electroencephalogram). Participants attended 2 counterbalanced laboratory sessions, 1 following 12 hr of abstinence and the other following ad libitum smoking. Results showed that women reported greater abstinence-induced increases in negative affect, withdrawal-related distress, and urge to smoke to relieve withdrawal distress. In contrast, both genders reported similar abstinence-induced changes in positive affect and urge to smoke for pleasure. Men and women exhibited generally similar abstinence-induced changes in physiological and cognitive performance measures. In addition, gender did not moderate the association between withdrawal symptoms and baseline measures of smoking behavior and dependence. Abstinence-induced changes in withdrawal distress mediated the effect of gender on latency until the 1st cigarette of the day at trend levels ( p     

A medication screening tool for cognitive aging researchers.

A Web-based medication screening toll that provides researchers with information about side effects associated with medications commonly used by older participants is described. this tool can be used for research purposes to better separate the effects of normal, healthy aging processes from the deleterious effects often associated with medication usage. Researchers can use this tool, called SMART (Screening Medications: Aging Research Taxonomy), to (a) obtain information pertaining to the cognitive, sensory, and motor side effects associated with specific medications, and (b) screen medications in their research for side effect severity. The Web address for the tool is www.psychology.gatech.edu/SMART. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

低酸度酒精阳性乳的发病机理与防治

在乳制品生产中，原料乳的质量影响最终产品的质量。酒精阳性乳，即用牛奶和质量分数70％的酒精，按等量的比例在试管或器皿中予以充分的混合后，而产生的微细颗粒或絮状凝块的牛奶，此种牛乳对于加工十分的不利。本文主要介绍了低酸度酒精阳性乳的性状，发病机理以及防治措施。     

Self-Efficacy and Compliance With Benzodiazepine Taper in Older Adults With Chronic Insomnia.

Better understanding of compliance with BZD taper is warranted. Compliance with a taper program and perceived self-efficacy (SE) in being able to comply with hypnotic reduction goals was monitored weekly in 52 older adults (mean age: 63.0 years) with chronic insomnia (average duration: 21.9 years) who underwent a 10-week physician-supervised medication tapering. One group received cognitive- behavior therapy for insomnia during discontinuation, whereas the other did not. Compliant patients showed higher SE ratings at Weeks 6, 8, 9, and 10. Medication-free patients at the end of the treatment also reported higher mean SE ratings at those 4 weeks. Differences remained significant when withdrawal symptoms and sleep efficiency were controlled for. These results have important clinical implications because SE may indicate key time points when patients are experiencing more difficulty during discontinuation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Simulating effects of hydro‐dam alteration on thermal regime and wild steelhead recruitment in a stable‐flow Lake Michigan tributary

Hydroelectric dams may affect anadromous fish survival and recruitment by limiting access to upstream habitats and adversely affecting quality of downstream habitats. In the Manistee River, a tributary to Lake Michigan, two hydroelectric dams potentially limit recruitment of anadromous rainbow trout (steelhead) by increasing tailrace water temperatures to levels that significantly reduce survival of young‐of‐year (YOY) fish. The objectives of this study were to determine whether proposed restoration scenarios (dam removals or a bottom withdrawal retrofit) would alter the Manistee River thermal regime and, consequently, improve wild steelhead survival and recruitment. Physical process models were used to predict Manistee River thermal regimes following each dam alteration scenario. Empirical relationships were derived from historical field surveys to quantify the effect of temperature on YOY production and potential recruitment of Manistee River steelhead. Both dam alteration scenarios lowered summer temperatures and increased steelhead recruitment by between 59% and 129%, but total recruitments were still low compared to other Great Lakes tributaries. Considering only temperature effects, bottom withdrawal provides the greatest promise for increasing natural steelhead recruitment by decreasing the likelihood of year‐class failures in the warmest summers. Results of this study may allow managers to evaluate mitigation alternatives for Manistee River dams during future relicensing negotiations, and illustrate the utility of physical process temperature models in groundwater‐fed rivers. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Medication Adherence and Diabetes Control in Urban African Americans With Type 2 Diabetes.

In 181 urban African Americans with Type 2 diabetes, medication adherence was assessed using a measure designed specifically for an urban, impoverished sociodemographic population. Hemoglobin A1c, blood pressure and cholesterol levels, medication-related beliefs, and depression were assessed. Seventy-four percent of the sample reported adherence to diabetes medication. Adherence, adjusted for age, was associated with lower hemoglobin A1c. The specific behaviors associated with poorer diabetes control were forgetting to take medications and running out of medications. Knowledge of blood glucose goals differed for adherers and nonadherers. Blood pressure and cholesterol medication adherence rates were not associated with actual levels of blood pressure or lipids, respectively. These data suggest that specific medication-taking behaviors are important to diabetes control and constitute logical targets for interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

671例高血压住院患者用药状况分析

目的：分析2009年成医附院高血压住院患者降压达标时的用药状况及临床意义。方法：对住院的671例高血压患者在血压达标时所用降压药的情况进行分析。结果：671例患者中联合用药者521例,占用药例数的77.65%,其中两药合用者262例,占用药例数的39.05%,以CCB＋ARB（89例）最常见;三药合用者201例,占用药...     

抽水地面沉降中含水层长期变形特性研究

 长江三角洲地面沉降监测数据表明,抽水地面沉降中含水层的变形在总沉降量中占较大比例,且随时间长期发展。分析认为含水层砂土的蠕变是造成其变形长期发展的主要原因,而目前计算砂土蠕变特性的模型中普遍存在参数较多且确定困难的问题。根据含水层砂土的蠕变特性,对采用Singh黏性土蠕变模型计算含水层长期变形的方法进行研究。该模型假定土的蠕变速率与时间在双对数坐标系中呈线性关系,模型中仅有1个参数,即双对数坐标系中蠕变速率与时间曲线的斜率m。砂性土蠕变试验数据统计结果表明,砂性土的m值为0.9～1.1。通过对m的灵敏性分析可知,m在0.9～1.1区间内取值对计算结果影响不大,因此,在缺乏试验数据时可假定m = 1。利用常州和上海的地面沉降实测数据验证Singh模型计算含水层变形的有效性及模型参数简化确定方法的准确性。     

雷贝拉唑阶梯停药疗法对十二指肠球部溃疡近期及远期疗效的初步观察

目的采用质子泵抑制剂——雷贝拉唑（rabeprazole,Rab）阶梯停药的方法治疗十二指肠球部溃疡（duode-nalulce,DU）,在停药前使患者血清胃泌素（gastrins,GS）的含量下降至正常水平,观察GS是否与DU复发相关。方法 100例DU患者按随机数字表法分成治疗组50例,采用Rab阶梯停药的方法治疗,50例对照组采用常规Rab治疗法。通过疗效判断标准判断2组的治疗效果。治疗后9周、1年检测血清胃泌素、胃镜检查复发病例,观察GS与DU复发的关系。结果 2组治疗的有效率分别为94%与88%,疗效比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。治疗后9周、1年2组GS检测结果与DU复发病例差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0.01）,2组复发病例的胃泌素检测,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论 Rab阶梯停药的方法治疗DU能恢复血清GS正常水平,减少DU复发率。研究表明血清GS水平与DU复发有明显的关系。     

CAP1400控制棒提升极限分析方法研究

控制棒提升极限用于限定控制棒组棒位和可溶硼浓度的范围,以防止慢化剂温度系数突破限值。CAP1400核电厂采用机械补偿运行策略,使控制棒及硼浓度运行范围大为扩展,同时功能独立的M棒组和AO棒组同时插入堆芯使得插棒情况更为复杂,因此与传统核电厂相比,CAP1400核电厂的控制棒提升极限更难界定。本文建立了适用于CAP1400核电厂的控制棒提升极限分析方法,并给出计算结果。本文提出的方法合理地解决了复杂的控制棒运行情况给提升极限造成的影响,并充分地利用了电厂实测数据对提升极限进行修正。基于本文方法得到的提升极限精确且具备一定的保守性,所以便于电厂实际运行时使用。