Gambling, health and age: Data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.

The health effects of recreational gambling are presently unclear, particularly across age groups. Theories of healthy aging suggest that social activities, including gambling, may be beneficial to the health of older adults. Using cross-sectional data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (N=43,093), the authors examined associations between gambling (categorized as nongambling, recreational gambling, or problem/pathological gambling) and health and functioning measures stratified by age (40-64 years and ≥65). Problem/pathological gambling was uniformly associated with poorer health measures among both younger and older adults. Among younger respondents, poorer health measures were also found among recreational gamblers. However, among older respondents, recreational gambling was associated not only with some negative measures (e.g., obesity) but also with some positive measures (e.g., better physical and mental functioning). Longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the relationship between gambling and health in older adults in the context of healthy aging. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

NRC Clients' Perceptions of Electronic Resources and Use of CISTI's Virtual Library

ABSTRACT

This article presents results relating to perception and usage of CISTI's two-year-old Virtual Library in a research environment. Research and technical officers of the National Research Council of Canada were surveyed. The results indicate that research staff are favorably inclined toward the use of electronic resources, with some differences accorded to its use by the two client groups studied. Surprisingly, research staff accept the possibility of serendipity in a digital environment. There is a positive correlation between usage of digital resources and perception and training levels, while a correlation between presence of an onsite traditional library with usage of electronic resources is not supported. Data collected will be used to assist in the redesign of the site and related training efforts.     

Preschool executive control on the Shape School task: Measurement considerations and utility.

Executive functions (EF) necessary for purposeful goal-directed activities undergo rapid change and development during the preschool years. However, of the few psychometrically valid measures of EF suitable for use with preschoolers, information on task sensitivity and predictive validity is scant. The neurodevelopmental correlates of early executive difficulties are also largely unknown. In this study, the discriminant and predictive validity of the recently developed Shape School task (Espy, Bull, Martin, & Stroup, 2006) was examined with data from a regional sample of 209 preschool children at age 4 years. A 2-tiered measurement approach was used, with task completion examined in addition to efficiency. Children's performance was also examined in relation to functioning in a range of neurodevelopmental domains. The Shape School task showed some usefulness in capturing expected differences between at-risk and typically developing children. Performance loaded heavily on language and global cognitive abilities. However, several other factors were also implicated, including attention, motor skills, and ocular control. In addition, task completion and efficiency scores appeared to reflect different aspects of performance, and their associations with neurodevelopmental function and later academic achievement on the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement at age 6 years also differed. Implications for the application of the Shape School task are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

The antecedents and correlates of agreeableness in adulthood.

Data from a 25-year prospective study of 194 individuals indicated that teacher and peer reports of aggression, compliance, and self-control at age 8 distinguished high-agreeable from low-agreeable adults at age 33. Profile analyses revealed two behavioral types in childhood and two personality types in adulthood, with considerable continuity in the composition of these high- and low-agreeable types over time. High-agreeable childhood types had fewer disobedience and concentration problems than low-agreeable childhood types, and among boys, high-agreeable childhood types had better school grades and fewer behavior problems than their low-agreeable counterparts. High-agreeable adulthood types reported less alcoholism and depression, fewer arrests, and more career stability than did low-agreeable adulthood types. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Evolution of life-history trade-offs in mate attractiveness and health: Comment on Weeden and Sabini (2005).

J. Weeden and J. Sabini's (see record 2005-11504-001) finding of small to no relation between traits rated as attractive in a mate and health of that mate might be interpreted as consistent with C. Darwin's (1859) proposal that these traits are arbitrary signs of beauty. However, such a conclusion would be premature. A combination of consistent empirical findings with nonhuman species and theoretical reasons argues for a continued search for honest signals of genetic fitness and reproductive health in human mate choices. Moreover, (a) even quite small relationships can be important when viewed across generations, and (b) traits that make a potential mate attractive at one age can result in poor health or early death at a later age. These life-history trade-offs greatly complicate the empirical study of attractiveness-health relations, and their potential importance has been underestimated by J. Weeden and J. Sabini. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Learning and attention: Brain and behavioural approaches the 1995 Banff Annual Seminar in Cognitive Science.

The Banff Annual Seminar in Cognitive Science (BASICS) was founded in 1982, and thus the meeting this past May marks the 14th anniversary of this conference. Many recent talks have stressed the importance of studying these processes in conjunction with each other. In keeping with this theme, the focus of BASICS 1995 was on recent neuropsychological, neurophysiological, and behavioural findings with respect to attention and learning. Further, many of the talks provided evidence in support of attentional organization centered around objects, rather than locations. The first talk, from world-renowned scientist Michael Posner, centered on his work involving neuroscientific approaches to the study of high-level skills such as reading. Steven Luck's talk also emphasized the use of multiple neurophysiological techniques to study high-level cognitive function, in this case, the binding of features. The talk by Lynn Robertson about her work in collaboration with Anne Treisman, switched to a focus on neuropsychological, rather than neurophysiological, findings regarding attention in humans. The last speaker of the first afternoon, Patrick Cavanagh, gave a talk replete with impressive visual demonstrations regarding his work in the behavioural analysis of spatial visual attention. The first speaker of the following morning session, Jeremy Wolfe, began his presentation by comparing his theory of visual search, which he calls Guided Search, to the more traditional theory of search, Feature Integration Theory (FIT), as proposed by Anne Treisman. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Forty years on: Teachers' assessments of children's personality traits predict self-reported health behaviors and outcomes at midlife.

A life span health-behavior model was investigated in this longitudinal study of personality influences on health. Teachers assessed 963 elementary schoolchildren on traits that formed scales assessing the dimensions of the five-factor (Big Five) model of personality. Smoking, alcohol use, body mass index (BMI), and self-rated health were assessed 40 years later in midlife. Childhood personality traits were significantly associated with all 4 outcomes, and the effects were consistently larger for women than men. For men and women, childhood Conscientiousness was associated with less adult smoking and better adult self-rated health and, for women only, with lower adult BMI. Mediation analyses suggested that the effects of Conscientiousness on self-rated health were partially mediated by smoking and BMI. These findings add to the growing evidence that childhood personality traits predict adult health outcomes and are discussed in terms of future testing of the life span health-behavior model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The cognitive correlates of third-grade skill in arithmetic, algorithmic computation, and arithmetic word problems.

The purpose of this study was to examine the cognitive correlates of 3rd-grade skill in arithmetic, algorithmic computation, and arithmetic word problems. Third graders (N = 312) were measured on language, nonverbal problem solving, concept formation, processing speed, long-term memory, working memory, phonological decoding, and sight word efficiency as well as on arithmetic, algorithmic computation, and arithmetic word problems. Teacher ratings of inattentive behavior also were collected. Path analysis indicated that arithmetic was linked to algorithmic computation and to arithmetic word problems and that inattentive behavior independently predicted all 3 aspects of mathematics performance. Other independent predictors of arithmetic were phonological decoding and processing speed. Other independent predictors of arithmetic word problems were nonverbal problem solving, concept formation, sight word efficiency, and language. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The unity of psychology.

An analysis of contemporary psychology reveals the existence of three distinct subject matters: behavior, neurophysiological events, and phenomenal experience. To unify psychology requires reducing two of the subject-matter areas to the theoretical principles of the third. Whether one subject matter can be reduced to another (e.g., behavior to neurophysiology) depends upon the formalization of the two theories involving the different subject matters and the demonstration that one formulation can explain the other. Explanation can be examined within two different frameworks, epistemological and psychological. Epistemologically, explanation occurs when a phenomenon is deduced from a set of theoretical principles. Psychologically an event is explained when it can be intuitively comprehended; made sensible in terms of one's own phenomenal experience. A unified psychology does not, and may never, exist. Whether a unity can potentially be achieved depends on the acceptance of a common criterion of explanation. Without a common conception psychology will inevitably be split into separate and distinct disciplines. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Biological correlates of behavioral development in the ant, Novomessor albisetosus (Mayr).

Physical changes are associated with temporal polyethism, the division of labor according to age. The period of developing ovaries corresponds with the age when workers are found with the brood and queen. Resorption of ovaries occurs at a time when workers no longer tend brood and queen. Two bursts of exoskeleton hardening and growth of the poison gland apparatus corresponds with a transitional period in the behavioral development of workers and finally with their development into nest defenders and foragers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)