储层原生水对页岩气赋存状态与流动能力的影响

储层原生水对页岩气吸附规律和流动能力的影响情况目前尚不清楚,为此选用四川盆地长宁—威远地区下志留统龙马溪组页岩样品,基于吸附平衡法制取不同含水饱和度的实验样品,开展了高压等温吸附实验,探讨不同含水饱和度下页岩等温吸附作用及机理,并运用自主研发的稳态流动实验装置测试了不同含水饱和度下页岩气的流动能力。研究结果表明:(1)页岩储层微米—纳米级孔隙中原生水的存在降低了页岩的吸附能力,含水饱和度为40%时,模拟计算的总含气量比常规认识下的计算结果下降了18%;(2)页岩视渗透率是压力的函数,低压下努森扩散作用使得页岩视渗透率随压力降低而明显上升,当平均压力为5 MPa、含水饱和度达到50%时,与不含水相比页岩视渗透率下降约70%;(3)当含水饱和度低于临界含水饱和度时,水主要以不可动水赋存在微孔和介孔中,对页岩气流动能力影响较小,而大于临界含水饱和度时,水的赋存位置发生改变,导致页岩气流动能力大幅度降低。结论认为,准确认识页岩储层原始含水饱和度及临界含水饱和度,有助于准确计算页岩气储量、合理预测气井产量。     

基于内角余弦和的三角形正则度评定与网格优化

三角网格模型的质量对有限元分析等工程应用具有重要影响,而三角形的正则度是决定网格质量的主要因素。本文系统提出了基于内角余弦和的三角形正则度评定理论,并应用于三角网格优化中,通过对正则度低的三角形进行边折叠与边交换操作,有效去除了网格中的狭长三角形而使网格质量得以提高。结果证明本算法简捷高效,具有较高实用价值。     

Controller design for distributed parameter systems with time delays in the boundary feedbacks via the backstepping method

For a distributed parameter system with an input delay in the boundary, a feedback control law is presented by means of the backstepping method. The square integrability of input signal is verified based on the target system. Then, the boundedness and invertibility of the corresponding backstepping transformation are proved under the regularity of system and the admissibility of feedback operator. Thus, the resulting closed-loop system is shown to be exponentially stable. Finally, as an application, a numerical simulation of a one-dimensional Schrödinger equation with a delay input is carried out, and the simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the suggested control law.     

Risk-based approach to developing a national residue sampling plan for testing under European Union regulation for veterinary medicinal products and coccidiostat feed additives in domestic animal production

A ranking system for veterinary medicinal products and coccidiostat feed additives has been developed as a tool to be applied in a risk-based approach to the residue testing programme for foods of animal origin in the Irish National Residue Control Plan (NRCP). Three characteristics of substances that may occur as residues in food are included in the developed risk ranking system: Potency, as measured by the acceptable daily intake assigned by the European Medicines Agency Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use, to each substance; Usage, as measured by the three factors of Number of Doses, use on Individual animals or for Group treatment, and Withdrawal Period; and Residue Occurrence, as measured by the number of Non-Compliant Samples in the NRCP. For both Number of Doses and Non-Compliant Samples, data for the 5-year period 2008–12 have been used. The risk ranking system for substances was developed for beef cattle, sheep and goats, pigs, chickens and dairy cattle using a scoring system applied to the various parameters described above to give an overall score based on the following equation: Potency × Usage (Number of Doses + Individual/Group Use + Withdrawal Period) × Residue Occurrence. Applying this risk ranking system, the following substances are ranked very highly: antimicrobials such as amoxicillin (for all species except pigs), marbofloxacillin (for beef cattle), oxytetracycline (for all species except chickens), sulfadiazine with trimethoprim (for pigs and chickens) and tilmicosin (for chickens); antiparasitic drugs, such as the benzimidazoles triclabendazole (for beef and dairy cattle), fenbendazole/oxfendazole (for sheep/goats and dairy cattle) and albendazole (for dairy cattle), the avermectin ivermectin (for beef cattle), and anti-fluke drugs closantel and rafoxanide (for sheep/goats); the anticoccidials monensin, narasin, nicarbazin and toltrazuril (for chickens). The risk ranking system described is a relatively simple system designed to provide a reliable basis for selecting the veterinary medicinal products and coccidiostat feed additives that might be prioritised for residue testing.     

OPTIMIZATION OF REDUNDANCY IN WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS USING GRAPH THEORETIC PRINCIPLES

An integer goal programming based approach to maximize reliability in water distribution networks is developed. Previous work has shown that graphs which are inherently the most invulnerable to failure have the same number of links incident at each node, i.e. they are regular in degree. The converse of this statement is not true. Regular graphs can contain weaknesses such as bridges, articulation nodes, and even total disconnections. The integer goal programming formulation in this paper is combined with a procedure which recognizes both explicit and implicit articulation points within the water distribution network to ensure that such weaknesses are excluded from the final solution. The integer program component of the approach attempts to maximize regularity within the network. In the goal programming context this is achieved by minimizing the sum of the deviations, at each node, in terms of the number of links incident upon it, from the average number of links incident on a node over the whole network. The integer requirement is imposed to prevent non-integer numbers of links being selected by the model.     

基于MCD稳健统计分析的变压器油色谱异常值检测及分布特性

由于人为因素以及现场干扰的影响,变压器油色谱在线监测数据在测量和传输中会不可避免地出现偏误,导致异常数据值,使得经典统计方法的结果出现偏差甚至错误。为了解决上述问题,基于稳健统计理论,根据油色谱监测数据异常值的特点,提出了油色谱H2、CO和总烃3类特征气体异常值的最小协方差行列式MCD稳健多元检测方法。利用迭代和Mahalanobis距离的思想构造一个稳健的协方差估计量,并进行异常值检测,然后再将异常数据和正常数据分类处理。针对H2、CO和总烃这3类特征气体的实例统计分析表明,异常值剔除后可有效减少这3种气体的测量值对经典统计方法的干扰,使得油色谱数据的统计规律更加明显。通过对异常值区间的跟踪评估,还可更加明显地反映变压器运行状态的变化。     

山西省娄烦县尖东铁矿地质特征及矿床成因

通过对山西省娄烦县尖东铁矿区域地质背景、矿区地质特征、矿体特征等的综合分析,阐述了该区铁矿的成因类型,总结其成矿规律,为铁矿的进一步勘查开发提供地质依据。     

湖南省铜矿成矿规律

系统介绍了湖南省铜矿的基本地质特征,并结合大量的实际地质资料,对矿床的控矿地质因素进行了探讨,认为湖南省铜矿主要受地层、构造及岩浆岩控制,成矿具有一定的时空分布规律。在当前国内铜矿供应紧张的形势下,研究湖南省内铜矿床的地质特征并总结其成矿规律,对推动湖南省内铜矿的找矿勘查具有一定的社会现实意义和经济意义。