What I think you think of me: Women's reactions to being viewed as beneficiaries of preferential selection.

Undergraduate women (N?=?150) participated in 2 experimental studies designed to examine the effects of knowing that another believed they were beneficiaries of preferential selection. Results indicated that participants' awareness that the other viewed them as having been selected on the basis of gender rather than merit (a) prompted inferences that the other held negative expectations of their competence (Studies 1 and 2); (b) produced timid, performance-limiting task decisions as well as negative self-regard when they were uncertain about their task ability level (Studies 1 and 2); and (c) produced ambitious, performance-maximizing task decisions when they knew themselves to be high in task ability and also were motivated to make a good impression (Study 2). In addition, in both studies negative affect resulted from the participants' knowledge that the other viewed them as having been preferentially selected. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Individualism and relatedness themes in the context of depression, gender, and a self-schema model of emotion.

In this article, the authors first consider how themes of individualism and relatedness may permeate understanding of gender differences in both the rate and experience of depression. The various ways that relatedness and individualism themes have been studied across several diverse research domains in psychology are then highlighted, focusing on both the positive and negative variants of each construct. This review forms the basis for further establishing the importance of the themes of individualism and relatedness to depression. These themes are integrated with a self-schema model of emotion, in which individual difference variables play a central role in emotional experiences, such as depression, for each individual. The extension of this model focuses on determining the extent to which either relatedness or individualism, or some combination of both, may be central to a given person's experience of depression. Several applications of this self-schema model to a clinical context with depressed individuals are then highlighted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sandra Schwartz Tangri (1937-2003).

Presents an obituary for Sandra Schwartz Tangri, who died on June 11, 2003. Dr. Tangri was an expert in the field of social psychology whose areas of study included occupational role innovation in college women and sexual harrassment in the federal workforce. Her many recognitions include the Distinguished Publication Award from the Association for Women in Psychology for her publication on ethics in population programs, the naming of her work on role innovators as a citation classic, and the Carolyn Wood Sherif Award from APA's Society for the Psychology of Women for outstanding contributions to the psychology of gender, which honors the aspects of Tangri's work that have had a significant impact on research and theory in feminist psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Understanding the relations among gender, disinhibition, and disruptive behavior in adolescents.

This study examined whether disinhibition shows similar relations with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder (CD) symptomatology among male and female adolescents. The mixed-incentive or punishment condition of Newman's go/no-go task was administered to 172 adolescents. As expected, ADHD symptoms in boys and girls were predictive of disinhibition (i.e., commission errors) in the mixed-incentive but not punishment condition. Also consistent with expectations, CD symptoms in boys were predictive of disinhibition in the mixed-incentive but not punishment condition. In contrast, CD symptoms in girls were not predictive of disinhibition in either condition. These findings are discussed in terms of implications for understanding sex differences in the etiology of ADHD and CD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Making the grade but feeling distressed: Gender differences in academic performance and internal distress.

There is disagreement over whether girls or boys are at risk in the context of school. Girls outperform boys in school, particularly in stereotypically feminine subjects. However, girls are also more vulnerable to internal distress than boys are. The aim of this research was to understand this pattern of gender differences. Gender differences in academic performance and internal distress were examined in elementary school children moving into adolescence. Girls outperformed boys across all 4 subjects but were also more prone to internal distress than boys were. Girls doing poorly in school were the most vulnerable to internal distress. However, even girls doing well in school were more vulnerable than boys were. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effectiveness of Collaborative Problem Solving in Affectively Dysregulated Children With Oppositional-Defiant Disorder: Initial Findings.

Oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD) refers to a recurrent pattern of negativistic, defiant, disobedient, and hostile behavior toward authority figures. Research has shown that children with ODD and comorbid mood disorders may be at particular risk for long-term adverse outcomes, including conduct disorder. In this study, the authors examined the effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral model of intervention--called collaborative problem solving (CPS)--in comparison with parent training (PT) in 47 affectively dysregulated children with ODD. Results indicate that CPS produced significant improvements across multiple domains of functioning at posttreatment and at 4-month follow-up. These improvements were in all instances equivalent, and in many instances superior, to the improvements produced by PT. Implications of these findings for further research on and treatment selection in children with ODD are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Children's Perceptions of Gender Discrimination.

Children (N = 76; ages 5-10 years) participated in a study designed to examine perceptions of gender discrimination. Children were read scenarios in which a teacher determined outcomes for 2 students (1 boy and 1 girl). Contextual information (i.e., teacher's past behavior), the gender of the target of discrimination (i.e., student), and the gender of the perpetrator (i.e., teacher) were manipulated. Results indicated that older children were more likely than younger children to make attributions to discrimination when contextual information suggested that it was likely. Girls (but not boys) were more likely to view girls than boys as victims of discrimination, and children with egalitarian gender attitudes were more likely to perceive discrimination than were their peers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sociocultural influences on the development of verbal mediation: Private speech and phonological recoding in Saudi Arabian and British samples.

Cross-national stability in private speech (PS) and short-term memory was investigated in Saudi Arabian (n=63) and British (n=58) 4- to 8-year-olds. Assumed differences in child-adult interaction between the 2 nationality groups led to predictions of Gender × Nationality interactions in the development of verbal mediation. British boys used more self-regulatory PS than British girls, whereas there was no such difference for the Saudi group. When age, verbal ability, and social speech were controlled, boys used slightly more self-regulatory PS than girls. Self-regulatory PS was related to children's use of phonological recoding of visually presented material in a short-term memory task, suggesting that PS and phonological recoding represent different facets of a domain-general transition toward verbal mediation in early childhood. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Gender differences among recreational gamblers: Association with the frequency of alcohol use.

This study examines the interactive effects of alcohol use and gender on health and gambling attitudes and behaviors in recreational gamblers. The Gambling Impact and Behavior Study (D. Gerstein et al., 1999) surveyed by telephone 2,417 adults targeted to be representative of the U.S. adult population. The authors compared male and female recreational gamblers (n = 1,471) who were stratified by frequency of alcohol use on measures of health and gambling. Significant Gender × Alcohol Use group interactions were observed such that moderate-to-high frequency alcohol consumption correlated with heavier gambling in men than in women, whereas such an association did not exist among abstinent or low frequency drinkers. There were few gender differences in the correlations between alcohol consumption and health. Future research should consider gender-related influences when examining alcohol use and gambling behaviors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

探索黄土实用湿化模型的研究方向

从对比分析半个世纪以来,国内外关于黄土的力学性质和工程特性研究中所采用的强度理论和数学模型出发,结合工程实际的条件和需要,提出建立简单实用的湿化模型,用来指导实际工程建设。