全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4283篇 |
免费 | 445篇 |
国内免费 | 191篇 |
专业分类
电工技术 | 100篇 |
技术理论 | 3篇 |
综合类 | 385篇 |
化学工业 | 973篇 |
金属工艺 | 138篇 |
机械仪表 | 118篇 |
建筑科学 | 696篇 |
矿业工程 | 154篇 |
能源动力 | 321篇 |
轻工业 | 433篇 |
水利工程 | 171篇 |
石油天然气 | 465篇 |
武器工业 | 27篇 |
无线电 | 112篇 |
一般工业技术 | 408篇 |
冶金工业 | 192篇 |
原子能技术 | 81篇 |
自动化技术 | 142篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 7篇 |
2023年 | 49篇 |
2022年 | 117篇 |
2021年 | 158篇 |
2020年 | 125篇 |
2019年 | 142篇 |
2018年 | 113篇 |
2017年 | 172篇 |
2016年 | 144篇 |
2015年 | 150篇 |
2014年 | 177篇 |
2013年 | 267篇 |
2012年 | 263篇 |
2011年 | 332篇 |
2010年 | 252篇 |
2009年 | 246篇 |
2008年 | 219篇 |
2007年 | 290篇 |
2006年 | 242篇 |
2005年 | 207篇 |
2004年 | 181篇 |
2003年 | 139篇 |
2002年 | 144篇 |
2001年 | 130篇 |
2000年 | 105篇 |
1999年 | 72篇 |
1998年 | 83篇 |
1997年 | 67篇 |
1996年 | 49篇 |
1995年 | 53篇 |
1994年 | 38篇 |
1993年 | 33篇 |
1992年 | 22篇 |
1991年 | 24篇 |
1990年 | 20篇 |
1989年 | 12篇 |
1988年 | 18篇 |
1987年 | 7篇 |
1986年 | 2篇 |
1985年 | 9篇 |
1984年 | 9篇 |
1983年 | 12篇 |
1982年 | 10篇 |
1980年 | 1篇 |
1979年 | 1篇 |
1976年 | 1篇 |
1969年 | 1篇 |
1966年 | 1篇 |
1959年 | 1篇 |
1951年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有4919条查询结果,搜索用时 11 毫秒
151.
This work reports on the changes in compositions of humic acids (HAs) and fulvic acids (FAs) during photocatalytic degradation. The HAs and FAs were obtained from the XAD-resin fractionation of natural-organic matter (NOM) from a bog lake (Lake Hohloh, Black Forest, Germany). Degussa P-25 titanium dioxide (TiO2) in a suspension and a solar UV simulator (batch reactor) were used in the experiments. The photocatalytic degradation of the HAs and FAs were monitored using size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) equipped with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and ultraviolet (UV254) detection (SEC-DOC and SEC-UV254) and UV–Vis spectrophotometry. The evolutions of the photocatalytic degradations of the HA and FA fractions were selective. The photocatalytic degradation started with the degradations of high molecular weight compounds with relatively high UV254 absorbances in the HA and FA fractions to yield low molecular weight compounds showing less specific UV254 absorbances. Observance of the same tendency for the original NOM from Lake Hohloh indicates that these XAD-fractions still having complex compound mixtures. However, the larger molecular weight fractions of the FAs showed higher preferential adsorptions onto TiO2, which caused their faster degradation rates. Furthermore, FAs showed a greater reduction of the total THM formation potential (TTHMFP) and the organic halogen compounds adsorbable on activated carbon formation potential (AOXFP), in comparison with the HAs. 相似文献
152.
Identifying the sources and fate of anthropogenically impacted dissolved organic matter (DOM) in urbanized rivers 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Fangang Meng Guocheng Huang Xin Yang Zengquan Li Jian Li Jing Cao Zhigang Wang Li Sun 《Water research》2013
Anthropogenic activities have dramatically changed the loads and compositions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in urbanized streams. In this study, the spatial and temporal variations of DOM in the anthropogenically impacted Zhujiang River were investigated by analyzing the water samples in an upstream, urbanized area and downstream of the rivers on different days of one year. The results indicated that the levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total phosphorus (TP) were unaffected by seasonal changes, but the specific UV254 absorbance (SUVA) values and the total nitrogen (TN) content were greater in the winter than those in the summer. Parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis of the excitation emission matrices (EEM) revealed the presence of three anthropogenically derived components [tryptophan-like (C1) and tyrosine-like proteins (C3) and anthropogenic humic substances (C5)] in the urbanized rivers, and they had greater seasonal and spatial variability than the terrestrial and microbial humic substances (C2 and C4). Cluster analysis revealed that treated wastewater was an important source of DOM in the urbanized streams. Photodegradation experiments indicated that the DOM in the populous area of the rivers had greater photodegradation potentials than that in the downstream region or in the natural waters. Interestingly, that the anthropogenic humic substances (C5) were considerably more photoreactive than the other four PARAFAC components, which exhibited a decrease of 80% after exposure to sunlight for 0.5 d. This study suggests that the treated wastewater could be an important input to the DOM in the urbanized rivers and the naturally occurring photodegradation could help in eliminating the anthropogenic DOM during their transport. 相似文献
153.
This study examined impacts of concentrations and properties of natural organic matter (NOM) on copper release from characteristic copper solid model phases such as tenorite CuO and malachite Cu2(OH)2CO3. Unaltered Aldrich humic acid (AHA) and standard Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA) strongly increased copper release from the model phases but NOM alteration by chlorination or ozonation gradually suppressed or, at higher oxidant doses, eliminated these effects. The nature of NOM changes induced by chlorination and ozonation was examined using differential absorbance spectroscopy (DAS) and high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). The data of these methods show that NOM molecules with higher apparent molecular weight (AMW), higher aromaticities and contributions of protonation-active phenolic and carboxylic groups play a key role in adsorption and colloidal dispersion of the model solids. The data also show that metal release from model phases was well correlated with a number of spectroscopic parameters characterizing NOM properties, notably SUVA254, spectral slopes of NOM absorbance, and differential absorbance at wavelength of 280 nm and 350 nm that is indicative of the contributions of carboxylic and phenolic functional groups. Changes of ζ-potential of the model solid phases were the strongest predictor of the enhancement of copper release especially in the system controlled by malachite. While effects of NOM on the ζ-potential of tenorite and malachite were prominent for unaltered NOM, its oxidation by chlorine and ozone was accompanied by a gradual decrease and ultimately disappearance of its surface activity. 相似文献
154.
Organic polymers are widely used as flocculants in pretreatment for microfiltration. However, their impact on microfiltration system performance was not well understood. In this study, the effects of three types of polymer flocculants on microfiltration permeate water quality and membrane fouling were evaluated using a hollow fiber membrane under two different operation modes, coagulation/flocculation-sedimentation-microfiltration (CFSM) and coagulation/flocculation-microfiltration (CFM). Interestingly, the effect of polymers on membrane fouling did not appear to reflect their impact on dissolved organic matter content or floc particle properties in the membrane feed water. The addition of polymer flocculants resulted in floc particles of larger size and smaller fractal dimension and slightly enhanced the removal of dissolved organic matter, both of which were expected to reduce membrane fouling. However, it significantly aggravated membrane fouling in all cases except when the positively charged poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride was used in the CFSM process. In particular, all polymers greatly increased hydraulically irreversible fouling in the CFM mode. The increased fouling in the CFSM mode is attributed to the residual polymer, while that in the CFM mode is attributed to the enhanced irreversible floc particle attachment on the membrane surface. Considering the potential severe membrane fouling and the small improvement in treated water quality when polymers are used, the application of polymers in microfiltration pretreatment needs to be carefully evaluated. 相似文献
155.
S. Weichenthal G. Mallach R. Kulka A. Black A. Wheeler H. You M. St‐Jean R. Kwiatkowski D. Sharp 《Indoor air》2013,23(3):175-184
Few studies have examined indoor air quality in First Nations communities and its impact on cardiorespiratory health. To address this need, we conducted a crossover study on a First Nations reserve in Manitoba, Canada, including 37 residents in 20 homes. Each home received an electrostatic air filter and a placebo filter for 1 week in random order, and lung function, blood pressure, and endothelial function measures were collected at the beginning and end of each week. Indoor air pollutants were monitored throughout the study period. Indoor PM2.5 decreased substantially during air filter weeks relative to placebo (mean difference: 37 μg/m3, 95% CI: 10, 64) but remained approximately five times greater than outdoor concentrations owing to a high prevalence of indoor smoking. On average, air filter use was associated with a 217‐ml (95% CI: 23, 410) increase in forced expiratory volume in 1 s, a 7.9‐mm Hg (95% CI: ?17, 0.82) decrease in systolic blood pressure, and a 4.5‐mm Hg (95% CI: ?11, 2.4) decrease in diastolic blood pressure. Consistent inverse associations were also observed between indoor PM2.5 and lung function. In general, our findings suggest that reducing indoor PM2.5 may contribute to improved lung function in First Nations communities. 相似文献
156.
In cake filtration processes with an air-blowing step, cracking is an undesirable phenomenon as it leads to deterioration of the filtration process by highly increasing gas throughput. This leads to higher residual moisture if the pressure difference cannot be maintained and an increase in overall cost. Crack formation can be avoided by compacting the filter cake before desaturation. While this action will make the separation process applicable by highly reducing gas consumption, there are also potential negative effects. Compaction increases filter cake resistance and might therefore slow down desaturation kinetics. Therefore, the authors investigated how the filter cake characteristics governing desaturation change from the nonconsolidated to the consolidated state of the filter cake and compared these findings to the actual dewatering kinetics. The results showed that for the case where cracking could be oppressed, dewatering kinetics of the consolidated cake are actually faster than for the nonconsolidated cake, despite higher resistance of the consolidated cake. Thus, compaction is an appropriate action when dealing with filter cake cracking. 相似文献
157.
通过2年田间试验研究了资源型功能磷复肥对晚稻生长、产量、养分吸收及抗逆性的影响。结果表明,施磷可显著促进水稻的生长发育、增加干物质积累和稻谷产量、提高水稻P、Ca、Mg的吸收量和抗折力;与高浓度磷肥处理(HP)相比,各资源型功能磷复肥处理(LP)增加稻谷产量309~689 kg/hm~2,分蘖初期P吸收量平均增加了13.1%~26.1%,收获期水稻地上部Ca、Mg的吸收量分别增加了14.3%~42.8%、20.6%~32.8%,抗折力显著增加6.8%~27.9%。各处理磷肥偏生产力无明显差异,但LP处理农学利用率显著增加21.0%~112.0%。 相似文献
158.
159.
G. TYLKO 《Journal of microscopy》2016,261(2):185-195
Electron probe X‐ray microanalysis enables concomitant observation of specimens and analysis of their elemental composition. The method is attractive for engineers developing tissue‐compatible biomaterials. Either changes in element composition of cells or biomaterial can be defined according to well‐established preparation and quantification procedures. However, the qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis appears more complicated when cells or thin tissue sections are deposited on biomaterials. X‐ray spectra generated at the cell/tissue–biomaterial interface are modelled using a Monte Carlo simulation of a cell deposited on borosilicate glass. Enhanced electron backscattering from borosilicate glass was noted until the thickness of the biological layer deposited on the substrate reached 1.25 μm. It resulted in significant increase in X‐ray intensities typical for the elements present in the cellular part. In this case, the mean atomic number value of the biomaterial determines the strength of this effect. When elements are present in the cells only, the positive linear relationship appears between X‐ray intensities and cell thickness. Then, spatial dimensions of X‐ray emission for the particular elements are exclusively in the range of the biological part and the intensities of X‐rays become constant. When the elements are present in both the cell and the biomaterial, X‐ray intensities are registered for the biological part and the substrate simultaneously leading to a negative linear relationship of X‐ray intensities in the function of cell thickness. In the case of the analysis of an element typical for the biomaterial, strong decrease in X‐ray emission is observed in the function of cell thickness as the effect of X‐ray absorption and the limited excitation range to biological part rather than to the substrate. Correction procedures for calculations of element concentrations in thin films and coatings deposited on substrates are well established in materials science, but little is known about factors that have to be taken into account to accurately quantify bioelements in thin and semi‐thick biological samples. Thus thorough tests of currently available quantification procedures are required to verify their applicability to cells or tissues deposited on the biomaterials. 相似文献
160.
汽车排放的氮氧化物(NOx)和碳烟颗粒物(PM)会对环境和人类健康造成严重的危害,但是现有的技术仅能对NOx或PM的排放实现单独净化。与其他尾气净化技术相比,柴油机颗粒物-氮氧化物减排系统(DPNR)兼具NOx和PM净化效果,成为下一代NOx和PM协同净化的首选催化系统。本文综述了DPNR催化反应机理以及系统中NOx和PM系统净化用的贵金属催化剂的研究进展;总结了Pt基催化剂在不同条件下同时消除NOx和PM的催化活性,系统地讨论了Ba、K、Mn等元素掺杂对Pt基催化剂的影响。同时归纳比较Ag基、Ru基与Pt基催化剂在PM氧化和NOx消除方面的区别,为研究开发同时消除NOx和PM的高效催化剂提供参考。 相似文献