Hybrid systems in seawater desalination—practical design aspects, present status and development perspectives

Ever since seawater desalination has been applied on an industrial scale, and particular in the countries of the Arabian Gulf, the application of desalination processes in dual-purpose facilities—water and power—as a hybrid configuration has been discussed in many feasibility investigations and also planning concepts. It is above all the combination of reverse osmosis with thermal processes that has found increasing interest with the aim of ensuring, as economically as possible, uniform water supplies under the specific, greatly varying load conditions in the Gulf countries. Such design concepts for hybrid configurations encompass straightforward structures with a low degree of coupling between membrane and thermal desalination processes, but range up to very complex configurations with strong interconnections on both the water side and thermally, as well as with several desalination processes connected in series or in parallel. Classical hybrid concepts in which the permeate from an RO desalination component is mixed with distillate from thermal desalination have already been implemented in Saudi Arabian dual-purpose plants, like Jeddah and Yanbu-Medina. Although hybrid systems of greater complexity have been addressed in many design studies and publications, up to now none has been brought to fruition. Coming into consideration asthe design basis for determining the capacity shares of the various desalination processes operated in a hybrid configuration are: arrangement of thermal cycle of the power plant component; water/power ratio of the dual-purpose seawater desalination and power plant; provision of undiminished water production of the desalination plant as electricity generation varies; provision of a specified drinking water quality with regard to composition and salt content; combination of all these aspects. Also gaining in importance are concerns of environmental pollution and sustainable development when selecting seawater desalination and power plant configurations, as well as their optimization when considering desalination and electricity generation as a whole. In the practical design of hybrid membrane and thermal systems, aspects come to light, though, that restrict linking of the two systems and joint utilization of facilities, as conceived in studies and conceptual design investigations. This applies both for common utilization of intakes and the use of heated up cooling water from thermal processes as a feed stream for the RO part of the desalination process. Additionally, requirements of drinking water composition, particularly chloride content, TDS and compliance with a specific residual content of boron, influence specifically the design of the membrane process part and its share in the total desalination capacity. Such practical aspects have greatly influenced the design and configuration of the Fujairah hybrid plant for which, from a total desalination capacity of 100 MIGD (454,600 m³/d), the share of 37.5 MIGD (170,500 m³/d) makes its seawater RO plant the biggest currently being constructed anywhere in the world. From the findings of the engineering of this plant and the idea that, by increasing interconnection between the two processes on the water side, it is possible to advance a hybrid configuration of this type with regard to cost optimization in the membrane installation, but also by joint utilization of the intake equipment, perspectives result for applied research efforts over the near and long terms, for example: long-term behavior of membranes at elevated temperatures; tendency for biofouling in membrane process with common utilization of cooling water and brine; influences of such interconnections on the overall availability of the facility. But also for the operation and maintenance organization of such large facilities, consequences can be foreseen for the future development of hybrid plants, particularly for operation management and organisation of the interplay of the different power plant and desalination systems, monitoring of SWRO membrane replacement and cleaning, as well as controlling water quality.     

两线切分轧制钢筋头部不齐问题的解决

针对安钢260机组小规格棒材实施两线切分轧制后，两线轧件在冷床上头部不易对齐问题进行了分析，认为其产生原因是切分后的2根轧件存在尺寸差，为此提出了具体的改进措施和调整办法。改进后，定尺率、成材率均提高0．5％以上。     

打底层焊道裂纹的优化检测方法

通过采用多种无损检测方法对船体焊道打底层微裂纹缺陷检出率进行对比分析和应用,从实用性和有效性两个方面确定了对焊接过程和完工后焊缝检测方法的研究和选择,最终优化了检测方法;并且消除和避免了大量裂纹类缺陷的存在,确保了焊接产品的完工质量,提高了船体的整体安全性。     

一种设计张减机精轧孔型的经验方法

本文将张减机精轧孔型传统设计方法与德方资料比较后，介绍了一种设计精轧孔型的经验方法──椭圆度、宽展值分配法。     

相对宽展公式在生产中的应用与探讨

采用Z·乌萨托夫斯基相对宽展系数公式计算轧件宽度,关键是确定出正确的轧件断面积和宽展系数修正系数,将理论计算值和现场收集的参数进行分析比较,确定出了各架次宽展系数修正系数值,依托该公式编制的轧制程序表应用到生产中取得了满意的效果。通过对圆孔型的几何解析归纳总结出了圆孔型中红坯断面积的近似计算公式,与CAD作图法求出的面积基本一致。     

辊弯成型技术理论及应用研究现状

辊弯成型是一种高效、节材、节能、环保的板金属成型工艺技术,在建筑、汽车、机械制造等许多领域得到了广泛的应用。该文简述了辊弯成型技术理论在国内外的研究现状;辊弯成型CAD/CAM/CAE技术在国内外的发展及其应用;并介绍了辊弯成型的前沿领域—柔性辊弯成型技术;展望了辊弯成型技术的发展趋势。     

聚晶金刚石拉丝模具孔型结构分析

本文介绍了聚晶金刚石的特点及拉丝模具的结构,其结构由模套、烧结金属、硬质合金环、聚晶金刚石组成,分析了采用该结构的原因。聚晶金刚石拉丝模的孔型结构分为入口区,润滑区,压缩区,定径区,安全角,出口区六部分,对各个区域的角度、长度及其功能特点进行了分析,说明了各区域对其使用性能的影响,特别对压缩区,定径区两部分进行了重点叙述,最后给出各部分参数值。     

全浮动芯棒连轧管机孔型对钢种适应性的模拟研究

应用MSC.SuperForm有限元仿真软件,基于现场生产工艺,模拟了Φ140 mm全浮动芯棒连轧管机Φ195 mm孔型的钢管连轧过程,研究了连轧过程中C22和超级13Cr两种钢的金属流动、轧制力等规律性.结果表明：与C22相比较,超级13Cr更易产生宽展,金属横向流动倾向性更大,所以在高合金管轧制用孔型设计时,需特别注意金属过充倾向;超级13Cr的轧制力较C22增大60％以上,机架、轧辊的弹性变形量更大,在轧辊辊缝预调时,应加大超级13Cr的预压靠量,在孔型设计时,也需考虑其弹性变形量,以补偿高合金钢轧制时大轧制力引起的机架、轧辊的弹性变形量的影响.     

斜轧刚塑性有限元模拟中变形历史处理

在有限元分析中解决了斜轧变形区构形问题。为了解决稳态计算斜轧过程变形历史问题 ,提出了轧制复合道次法 ,为刚塑性有限元提供了处理方法。针对二辊斜轧穿孔中变形区复杂的边界条件和椭圆度、辊型、送进角、孔喉、顶头前伸量等与毛管扭转、滑移等关系做了分析。经实验验证其模拟效果与以往的计算方法计算结果有较大改进