贵金属在载体上的分布对催化剂性能的影响

以Pt，Pd，Rh3种贵金属作为汽油车用三效催化剂的主要催化活性组分，制备了2组具有不同组合与分布形式的分层催化剂和分区催化剂，并通过发动机台架测试系统进行了催化活性评价。通过对表征催化剂催化性能的空燃比特性、起燃特性和催化转化效率的对比分析，研究了3种贵金属的组合与分布对催化剂3大特性的影响。结果表明：贵金属的组合与分布方式会对催化剂的3大特性产生显著影响；贵金属分层分布催化剂与分区催化剂相比具有更高的空燃比特性和起燃特性，其中PtRh（o）／Pd（i）催化剂表现最佳，但贵金属分区催化剂，主要是PtRh组合在近发动机端的分区催化剂，在所有催化剂中表现出最优异的起燃特性；因此，在进行欧3、欧4等车用排放控制系统设计时，可以利用不同贵金属组合与分布催化剂的独特性能优势，在同一载体或同一系统中的不同载体上进行可控的贵金属负载与分布，来提高催化剂的综合性能；以这种方式获得的效果预期比单纯提高贵金属含量获得的效果好得多。     

Rules for maximum solid solubility of transition metals in Ti,Zr and Hf solvents

1　INTRODUCTIONThemaximumsolidsolubility (Cmax)ofasolutemetalinasolventmetalrestrictstheadjustablerangeofcomponentsinanalloy .Itisveryimportantforstudyingnewalloysornewheattreatmentmethods .Vanadium basedsolidsolutionalloysareveryattrac tivehydrogenstoragematerials .Thistriggeredscien tiststoinvestigatesolidsolutionalloysforhydrogenstorage .TisubgroupbasedalloysadjacenttoV basedonesinPeriodicTableareassociatedwithsolidsolu tionhydrogen storagematerialsandthiswillbein structivefordevelop…     

液态金属快速结晶的热力学驱动力

采用超高真空无容器悬浮熔炼技术使液态Ｆｅ和Ｎｉ的过冷度分别达２００和２３５Ｋ，借助量热法测定出其比热各为４８．６和４０．５Ｊ·ｍｏｌ~（－１）·Ｋ~（－１）．据此精确计算出深过冷Ｆｅ和Ｎｉ快速结晶的热力学驱动力△Ｇ_（ＬＳ），并与Ｔｕｒｎｂｕｌｌ模型和Ｄｕｂｅｙ－Ｒａｍａｃｈａｎｄｒａｒａｏ模型的近似计算结果相比较，发现这两种近似模型在过冷度超过１００Ｋ时均产生大于１％的偏差．进一步分析发现，△Ｇ_（ＬＳ）的计算偏差对深过冷液态金属中晶体形核率的影响极大，因此快速凝固研究中应尽可能精确计算△Ｇ_（ＬＳ）．     

贵金属深加工的废水处理方案

金银等贵金属实现其工业用途的前提是对其进行深加工，在深加工过程中产生的大量含酸、碱、重金属和氰化物的废水对环境造成的危害已经成为社会极为关注的问题。本文对这类废水的来源和常用处理方法进行了论述，提出一套适合于以金银作为深加工对象的废水处理方案，在保证充分回收贵金属的前提下，合理地使废水中的氰化物、重金属、酸和碱得到有效的处理。本文案具有经济、简便和实用的特点。     

高光谱遥感反演土壤重金属含量研究进展

土壤重金属污染是当今重要的世界性环境问题之一。如何快速高效地获取土壤重金属含量及分布信息是进行污染风险评价及预测研究的前提。高光谱遥感具有无损、实时获取信息的优势,利用高光谱技术反演土壤重金属含量仍处于探讨阶段,对其反演机理和建模方法的研究成果进行了介绍和分析。认为充分研究不同类型土壤对重金属的吸附特性,是深入理解重金属含量反演机理的基础。加强不同土壤类型、不同污染程度的案例对比分析,发展光谱信号处理方法,引入非线性建模算法,构建重金属形态量反演模型,是土壤重金属含量遥感估算研究的重要研究方向。     

Mimosa-Inspired High-Sensitive and Multi-Responsive Starch Actuators

Artificial intelligent actuators are extensively explored for emerging applications such as soft robots, human-machine interfaces, and biomedical devices. However, intelligent actuating systems based on synthesized polymers suffer from challenges in renewability, sustainability, and safety, while natural polymer-based actuators show limited capabilities and performances due to the presence of abundant hydrogen-bond lockers. Here this study reports a new hydrogen bond-mediated strategy to develop mimosa-inspired starch actuators (SA). By harnessing the unique features of gelatinization and abundant hydrogen bonds, these SA enable high-sensitivity and multi-responsive actuation in various scenarios. The non-gelatinized SA can be irreversibly programmed into diverse shapes, such as artificial flowers, bowl shapes, and helix structures, using near-infrared light. Furthermore, the gelatinized SA exhibit reversibly multi-responsive actuation when exposed to low humidity (10.2%), low temperature (37 °C), or low-energy light (0.42 W cm⁻²). More importantly, the SA demonstrate robust applications in smart living, including artificial mimosa, intelligent lampshade, and morphing food. By overcoming the hydrogen-bond lockers inherent in natural polymers, SA open new avenues for next-generation recyclable materials and actuators, bringing them closer to practical applications.     

Moist-Electric Generator with Efficient Output and Scalable Integration Based on Carbonized Polymer Dot and Liquid Metal Active Electrode

Moisture-enabled electricity generation (MEG) is highly promising in next-generation energy conversion. However, the practical applications of existing MEG devices are limited due to their low current and voltage outputs, strong dependence on high moisture, and inflexible nature. Herein, an efficient MEG integrated with flexible, all-weather, and scalable fabrication characteristics based on the rational combination of carbonized polymer dots (CPDs) and liquid metal (LM) active electrodes is developed for the first time. Remarkably, the fabricated MEG device can produce a stable voltage output of 800 mV and a record high current density of 1640 µA cm⁻². Even at a low air humidity of 15%, the MEG device can provide a high voltage output of 0.65 V and a considerable current density of 12 µA cm⁻². The prompted diffusion of hydrogen ions in CPDs and the additional metal ions ionized from the LM electrode contribute synergistically to the high electricity generation. Additionally, the device can be easily integrated on various flexible substrates and generate an ultrahigh voltage of 210 V to power commercial electronics, showing great potential in large-scale fabrication and application.     

Durable Integrated K-Metal Anode with Enhanced Mass Transport through Potassiphilic Porous Interconnected Mediator

K-metal batteries have become one of the promising candidates for the large-scale energy storage owing to the virtually inexhaustible and widely potassium resources. The uneven K⁺ deposition and dendrite growth on the anode causes the batteries prematurely failure to limit the further application. An integrated K-metal anode is constructed by cold-rolling K metal with a potassiphilic porous interconnected mediator. Based on the experimental results and theoretical calculations, it demonstrates that the potassiphilic porous interconnected mediator boosts the mass transportation of K-metal anode by the K affinity enhancement, which decreases the concentration polarization and makes a dendrite-free K-metal anode interface. The interconnected porous structure mitigates the internal stress generated during repetitive deposition/stripping, enabling minimized the generation of electrode collapse. As a result, a durable K-metal anode with excellent cycling ability of exceed 1, 000 h at 1 mA cm⁻²/1 mAh cm⁻² and lower polarization voltage in carbonate electrolyte is obtained. This proposed integrated anode with fast K⁺ kinetics fabricated by a repeated cold rolling and folding process provides a new avenue for constructing a high-performance dendrites-free anode for K-metal batteries.     

Design of Ultrathin Pt‐Based Multimetallic Nanostructures for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis

Nanocatalysts with high platinum (Pt) utilization efficiency are attracting extensive attention for oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) conducted at the cathode of fuel cells. Ultrathin Pt‐based multimetallic nanostructures show obvious advantages in accelerating the sluggish cathodic ORR due to their ultrahigh Pt utilization efficiency. A focus on recent important developments is provided in using wet chemistry techniques for making/tuning the multimetallic nanostructures with high Pt utilization efficiency for boosting ORR activity and durability. First, new synthetic methods for multimetallic core/shell nanoparticles with ultrathin shell sizes for achieving highly efficient ORR catalysts are reviewed. To obtain better ORR activity and stability, multimetallic nanowires or nanosheets with well‐defined structure and surface are further highlighted. Furthermore, ultrathin Pt‐based multimetallic nanoframes that feature 3D molecularly accessible surfaces for achieving more efficient ORR catalysis are discussed. Finally, the remaining challenges and outlooks for the future will be provided for this promising research field.