桂柳高速公路两侧土壤重金属分布特征

选择桂柳高速公路上的4个调查剖面和1个对照剖面测试了公路两侧农田土壤中Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg和As的含量分布。结果表明,公路交通对路两侧土壤重金属含量有一定的影响,运行期较长的对照路段桂黄公路两侧土壤中的Pb、Cd和As的含量明显高于运营期较短的桂柳高速公路段,而Cr、Hg与公路运行期长短的关系不是非常密切;重金属含量在横向上都有随距路肩距离的减小而增大的趋势,Pb、Cd在路肩两侧200m范围内含量的变化较小。以广西水稻土土壤背景值为评级标准,采用单因子指数法评价了路侧土壤的环境质量：所测路段和剖面的Cd、Hg污染均较严重;Cr基本上还处在非污染水平;桂黄公路段Pb的污染指数高于高速公路段。     

汾河沉积物中重金属污染及生态风险评价

研究针对汾河太原段的沉积物进行采样,对重金属进行分析。测定结果表明：汾河太原段沉积物中重金属的含量很高,4种重金属之间、12个采样点之间含量差别较大;含量反映了工业排放是造成汾河太原段重金属含量高的主要原因。重金属污染状况评价表明：所研究的4种重金属都处于中等以上污染水平,污染程度排行为：Pb〉Cr〉Cu〉Ni;对采样点进行综合污染状况评价表明,所有采样点均处于一个较高或很高的污染水平,污染最严重的是胜利桥和涧河。潜在生态风险评价表明：Cu处于较高的潜在生态风险,Pb、Cr和Ni处于中、低的潜在风险;采样点的潜在风险评价表明：胜利桥、涧河和南沙河的综合潜在生态风险处于较高水平。     

Sulfur-Tolerant NOx Storage Traps: An Infrared and Thermodynamic Study of the Reactions of Alkali and Alkaline-Earth Metal Sulfates

The sulfur tolerance of a barium-containing NO_x storage/reduction trap was investigated using infrared analysis. It was confirmed that barium carbonate could be replaced by barium sulfate by reaction with low concentrations of sulfur dioxide (50 ppm) in the presence of large concentrations of carbon dioxide (10%) at temperatures up to 700 °C. These sulfates could at least be partially removed by switching to hydrogen-rich conditions at elevated temperatures. Thermodynamic calculations were used to evaluate the effects of gas composition and temperature on the various reactions of barium sulfate and carbonate under oxidizing and reducing conditions. These calculations clearly showed that if, under a hydrogen-rich atmosphere, carbon dioxide is included as a reactant and barium carbonate as a product then barium sulfate can be removed by reaction with carbon dioxide at a much lower temperature than is possible by decomposition to barium oxide. It was also found that if hydrogen sulfide was included as a product of decomposition of barium sulfate instead of sulfur dioxide then the temperature of reaction could be significantly lowered. Similar calculations were conducted using a selection of other alkaline-earth and alkali metals. In this case calculations were simulated in a gas mixture containing carbon monoxide, hydrogen and carbon dioxide with partial pressures similar to those encountered in real exhausts during switches to rich conditions. The results indicated that there are metals such as lithium and strontium with less stable sulfates than barium, which may also possess sufficient NO_x storage capacity to give sulfur-tolerant NO_x traps.     

The use of wood pulp and radiation‐modified starch in wastewater treatment

Radiation‐induced graft copolymerization of maize starch/acrylic acid has been performed. Also, natural byproduct wood pulp was used after chemical treatment for the removal of metal ions from the investigated wastewater. The surface and structure morphology of the wood pulp and starch/acrylic acid were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The physical parameters, such as swelling, gel percentage, and grafting efficiency (%) of starch/acrylic acid copolymer, were studied. The factors affecting the abilities of the prepared materials for removing heavy metal ions and dyes from aqueous solutions were studied. It was found that the maximum metal uptake is in the following sequence: Fe³⁺ > Cr³⁺ > Pb²⁺ > Cd²⁺. The adsorption capacity of such investigated metal ions increases with the increase of pH values. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006     

Regeneration of platinum-metal-based catalysts with carboxyphosphines as extractants

Separation of platinum-metal-based homogeneous catalysts was achieved by their conversion to complexes of functionalized phosphines of the general formulae R_3-n P[(CH₂) _x CO₂H)] _n , R = Me, Et, Ph,n = 1, 2, 3,x = 1, 2, and [(HO₂CCH₂)PCH₂]₂, followed by extraction of the complexes into aqueous phase. This approach to regeneration of platinum metals from reaction mixtures after carrying out homogeneously catalyzed reactions was demonstrated on 11 examples of various types of reactions with Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir and Pt compounds as catalysts.     

一种基于分段偏最小二乘模型的土壤重金属遥感反演方法

土壤中重金属由于其毒性而成为最有害的环境污染物之一,利用遥感进行土壤重金属检测和分布制图是目前最为高效的手段。采用哨兵二号（Sentinel-2）多光谱影像与实测样品光谱数据,对山西省铜矿峪铜矿尾矿库及其周边农田土壤的铜（Cu）含量进行估算,利用68个土壤样品的反射光谱,优选出适合土壤铜含量预测的波段,结合分段偏最小二乘法（Piecewise Partial Least Squares Regression,P-PLSR）,对土壤铜含量进行估算,将模型用于Sentinel-2影像获得了Cu含量的空间分布。通过P-PLSR对实测样品光谱建模反演Cu含量的决定系数（R²）为0.89,预测偏差比（RPD）为2.82;利用Sentinel-2多光谱影像获得了该区域Cu元素含量空间分布,其Cu含量的估算精度R²为0.74,RPD为1.73,Cu含量高值区空间分布与尾矿库关系密切。Sentinel-2多光谱数据具有高空间分辨率（10、20和60 m）、高时间分辨率和幅宽大（290 km）等优势,通过敏感波段选择并建立反演模型,可实现大范围土壤环境制图。     

基于Tx-Rx探头的异种金属焊缝缺陷检测及定量分析

异种金属焊接结构在使用过程中容易产生损伤,因此需对其进行检测;脉冲涡流一发一收式非同轴(Transmitter Receiver,Tx-Rx)探头可应用于异种金属焊缝缺陷检测;然而,考虑到异种金属焊接构件成分多样、结构复杂的特点,需对Tx-Rx探头的摆放位置进行了优化;首先,建立仿真模型,讨论了激励线圈的摆放位置对试件中涡流及涡流扰动的影响,结果表明,当激励线圈位于带堆焊的合金钢上方时,其表面涡流强度及涡流扰动强度较大;其次,建立实验平台,实验表明,当激励线圈放置在带堆焊的合金钢上方时,其检测信号幅值和差分信号幅值最大;最后利用差分信号的峰值对焊缝缺陷的定量展开分析;脉冲涡流Tx-Rx探头的研究可为其在异种金属焊缝缺陷的应用提供参考.     

碱土金属Mg和Ca中毒催化剂的再生研究

为研究碱土金属Mg和Ca中毒催化剂的再生,采用共沉淀法制备了MnO_x/Ce-ZrO_x催化剂,并用浸渍法制备了Mg和Ca负载量为0.2的中毒催化剂,最后对其进行再生实验的研究.结果表明:酸洗后,中毒催化剂的脱硝活性有了很大程度的恢复,且在180℃和200℃之后超过了新鲜催化剂的效率.BET,NH_3-TPD,XPS结果显示:酸洗之后,中毒催化剂的比表面积、表面酸度和表面吸附氧浓度基本恢复到新鲜催化剂的水平,这是催化剂活性恢复的主要原因.     

水中重金属连续消解装置及性能研究

本研究设计了一种用于水体中重金属测定的连续消解装置,该消解装置可据水质特点调节消解温度、压力和流速。实际水样加标经消解后分析,8种金属离子(Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Fe和Mn)的平均回收率在93.1%~99.4%之间,RSD为3.3%~8.7%;通过对自来水、地下水、地表水和污水分别进行连续消解、微波消解和石墨消解,连续消解后溶液中8种金属元素浓度测定结果与微波消解和石墨消解无显著差异,且平行样相对误差不大于5%,表明本连续消解具有较高的准确度和精密度,适用于不同水体的消解分析要求。该连续消解装置可自由设定消解参数,实现自动化运行,通过与各类重金属在线监测仪器接口连接,有望实现监测过程中水样的自动化消解。     

中国的稀有金属

本文简要介绍了中国稀有金属在研究、生产方面的发展概况。