中国的稀有金属

本文简要介绍了中国稀有金属在研究、生产方面的发展概况。     

Atomic simulation on evolution of nano-crystallizaion in amorphous metals

The deformation-induced nano-crystallization behavior of amorphous pure Ni was investigated by using a molecular dynamics simulation. The microevolution mechanism of the nano-crystallization, the crystallization process in the multicomponent amorphous Ni-Pd alloys and the temperature effect on the nano-crystallization behavior in amorphous metals were studied. The results show that the small nano-crystalline grain will nucleate and grow during the compression deformation. The deformation induces the growth of the ordered clusters in the amorphous metals and the nano-crystalline grain grows under the shearing combination and sheafing deposition. The nano-crystalline grain will nucleate in a lower strain under a higher temperature. The combining severe plastic deformation with thermal annealing treatments presents a new opportunity for developing bulk nano-crystalline materials with controlled microstructures.     

贵金属催化净化汽车尾气中稀土氧化物的助催化和稳定化

面临日趋严格的汽车尾气排放标准，采用同时进行CO和烃类氧化，NOx还原的Pt／Rh系三效催化剂是一种有效的解决办法。在汽车污染控制中使用助催化剂CeO2，是今天稀土氧化物最重要的应用，Ce^3 ／Ce^4 在氧化／还原条件下可以贮存／释放氧，扩宽了中心接近化学计量的催化剂活性工作带，氧化铈促进反应物分子的活化而降低反应温度。当前三效催化剂中，采用CeO2－ZrO2混合氧化物反映了发展紧偶催化剂的最先进的工艺。含少量Ru、Rh、Pt等贵金属的稀土钙钛矿型氧化物有可能成实用的净化汽车尾气三效催化剂。     

Recent progress in improving ductility of ultra-high strength nanostructured metals

Until very recently, the reported tensile ductility of ultra-high strength nanocrystalline metals was disappointingly low. This article presents a brief overview of recent progress in identifying a group of nanostructured bulk elemental metals that offer not only gigapascal strength but also decent ductility. These include electrodeposited nanocrystalline or nano-twinned metals, and consolidated full-density nanocrystalline metals. Our own recent studies of these interesting nanomaterials, extending our previous/parallel success in optimizing the properties of bulk nanostructured metals prepared via severe plastic deformation, also demonstrated unprecedented tensile plastic strains.     

微量Ge对大气下液态Sn抗氧化性能的影响

采用观察液态Sn表面氧化行为和刮取表面氧化渣的方法,研究了微量元素Ge对液态Sn在大气和250℃条件下表面抗氧化性能的影响,并与纯Sn的氧化行为进行对比;利用X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究了合金表面元素的含量、价态,及合金氧化后的表面形貌.结果表明:当微量元素Ge浓度达到0.01%时(质量分数),大气下液态Sn表面具有很好的抗氧化性能,同时微量元素在液态Sn表面高度富集.XPS分析表明:表面富集的Ge以4价氧化物形式存在.静态液面氧化时,Ge在液态Sn中迅速偏析,并形成一种保护性的致密氧化膜,是提高液态Sn抗氧化性能的原因.     

铂族元素的协同萃取

介绍协同萃取用于铂族元素富集与分离的进展状况。     

干湿交替周浸模拟加速腐蚀试验装置的建立

设计建立了一套模拟多种大气环境,同时能够进行电化学测试的、可靠的智能型干湿交替周浸加速腐蚀实验装置。实现了模拟加速自然环境的大气腐蚀,快速评价金属材料和涂层在大气环境下的腐蚀行为和耐蚀性能的目的。     

CuAlMn形状记忆合金的高阻尼特性

用悬臂梁弯曲共振法研究了新型CuAlMn系形状记忆合金在马氏体态和母相态的阻尼特性.研究结果表明:室温马氏体态Cu-10.5%Al-6%Mn(质量分数)和室温母相态Cu-11%Al-8%Mn形状记忆合金在表面应变振幅为4.05MPa时,都具有很高的阻尼性能,内耗Q-1接近0.1; 两种形态的CuAlMn形状记忆合金的阻尼性能都随应力振幅增加而下降,且母相态合金阻尼性能下降速度更快.     

Worker Exposure Monitoring of Suspended Particles in a Thermal Spray Industry

The purpose of the present work was the investigation and characterization of the quality of air in a thermal spray industry, in Greece. The activities that take place in the specific facility, as well as in most other similar industries, include thermal spraying and several mechanical and metallurgical tasks that generate airborne particles, such as grit-blasting, cutting and grinding of metallic components. Since the main focus of this work was the workers exposure to airborne particles and heavy metals, portable air samplers with quartz fiber filters, were used daily for 8 h. Three samplers, carried from different employees, were used for a period of 1 month. Results showed that both particles and heavy metals concentrations were low, even in the production site, which was the most susceptible area. The only exceptions were observed in the case of cleaning and maintenance activities in the thermal spray booth and in the case of spraying outside the booth. The main reason for the low concentrations is the fact that most of the activities that could produce high-particle concentrations are conducted in closed, well-ventilated systems. Statistical elaboration of results showed that particles are correlated with Ni, Cu, Co. The same conclusion is extracted for Fe, Mn. These correlations indicate possible common sources.     

Leaching of complex sulphide concentrate in acidic cupric chloride solutions

The chemical analysis of a complex sulphide concentrate by emission spectrometry and X-ray diffraction shows that it contains essentially copper, lead, zinc and iron in the form of chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena. A small amount of pyrite is also present in the ore but does not be detected with X-ray diffraction. The cupric chloride leaching of the sulphide concentrate at various durations and solid/liquid ratios at 100 ℃ shows that the rate of dissolution of the ore is the fastest in the first several hours, and after 12 h it does not evolve significantly. If oxygen is excluded from the aqueous cupric chloride solution during the leaching experiment at 100 ℃, the pyrite in the ore will not be leached. The determination of principal dissolved metals in the leaching liquor by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, and the chemical analysis of solid residues by emission spectrometry and X-ray diffraction allow to conclude that the rate of dissolution of the minerals contained in the complex sulphide concentrate are in the order of galena 〉 sphalerite 〉 chalcopyrite.