Co-design and urban resilience: visioning tools for commoning resilience practices

Abstract

In response to the environmental and social challenges of an uncertain future, practitioners and communities across Europe and beyond have started to engage with the concept of ‘resilience’ and experiment with forms of local resilience. However, many of these initiatives tend to remain localised, isolated projects, with little capacity to instigate broader change and at risk to disappear by not having the means to become sustainable in the longer term. We suggest that one way of sustaining and scaling local resilience practices is by developing digital tools that could enable connections and knowledge sharing across locations, through commoning in the digital realm. In this paper, we introduce the specific co-design process we devised with the aim to develop an initial ‘brief’ for potential tools. By creating a co-design process that is situated, mediated, networked and open-source, we argue that the commoning process initiated in this project has the potential to evolve and expand, beyond the project time and initial user base—an essential quality in the context of collectively enhancing urban resilience through knowledge sharing and mutual support.     

克拉玛依油田九_5区石炭系火山岩储层分类及开发实践

克拉玛依油田九5区石炭系油藏是准噶尔盆地克-百断裂带上盘石炭系油藏的一部分,属裂缝性火山岩油藏,为低孔低渗双重介质块状油藏。通过油藏微观研究和单井产量分析,认为石炭系储层主要表现为I类裂缝型(IF)、I类裂缝-基质型(IFM)、II类裂缝-基质型(IIFM)、II类基质型(IIM)、III类基质型(IIIM)共3大类5小类,各类型储层静态和动态特征明显。平面上,石炭系储层从火山口向外依次发育I类、II类、III类储层;剖面上,I类储层主要分布于石炭系中上部,II类储层在石炭系全层段均有分布,III类储层主要分布于石炭系下部。根据不同类型储层特点及其分布规律,制定了针对性的增产措施,并取得了较好的开发效果,预测油藏最终采收率可达16.7%。     

Regenerative design in science and society

The Building Research & Information special issue entitled ‘Regenerative Design and Development’ (2012, volume 40, number 1) describes the emerging theory and practices. This commentary considers how regenerative design and development needs to engage with some broader topics of sustainability and the quest for knowledge. The papers in the special issue raise many matters, but this commentary will concentrate on three of them: (1) issues of scale, in space, time and the system level; (2) holism versus reductionism; and (3) monitoring, evaluation and intervention. Although they must be discussed individually, these topics overlap to a great degree. Challenges are posed on whether professionals and community stakeholders are empowered to intervene at appropriate scales, over sustained periods of time, to monitor operation over the longer term and, if needed, to make further interventions if the design goes awry. Although authors in the special issue question the role of reductionism in favour of a holistic view, there are merits for the use of reductionism, particularly for assisting with uncertainties or identifying constituent parts. A key challenge now will be to explore what practices and operations could provide solutions.

Le numéro spécial de Building Research & Information intitulé « Conception et Développement Régénérateurs » (2012, volume 40, numéro 1) décrit la théorie et les pratiques émergentes. Le présent commentaire examine la manière dont la conception et le développement régénérateurs doivent traiter de certains thèmes plus larges touchant à la durabilité et à la quête de savoir. Les articles figurant dans ce numéro spécial soulèvent de nombreuses questions, mais le présent commentaire se concentrera sur trois d'entre elles: (1) les problèmes d'échelle, dans l'espace, dans le temps et au niveau du système; (2) le holisme par opposition au réductionnisme; et (3) les questions de suivi, d'évaluation et d'intervention. Bien qu'il faille en discuter séparément, ces thèmes se recoupent dans une large mesure. Des difficultés tiennent au fait de savoir si les professionnels et les parties prenantes des collectivités sont en mesure d'intervenir aux échelles appropriées, sur des périodes prolongées, d'assurer le suivi des opérations à plus long terme et, au besoin, d'effectuer des interventions complémentaires si la conception se passe mal. Bien que les auteurs de ce numéro spécial contestent le rôle du réductionnisme en lui préférant une vision holistique, le recours au réductionnisme présente des avantages, s'agissant en particulier de l'aide qu'il apporte face aux incertitudes ou de l'identification des éléments constitutifs. L'une des principales difficultés va maintenant être d'explorer les pratiques et les opérations qui pourraient être porteuses de solutions.

Mots clés: cadre bâti, cadre de conception, pratiques de conception, conception régénératrice, construction durable, développement durable     

Decoding borders. Appreciating border impacts on space and people

In our globalised, interconnected world the impact of borders on space and people is increasingly debated. This article aims to unpack the complex concept of “thick” and “thin” borders. It builds on the assumption that borders are boundary sets comprised of overlapping geopolitical, sociocultural, economic and biophysical layers and are the outcome of a bordering process. A two-step approach towards the decoding of borders is introduced. Using a planning perspective, the article seeks to explain the various functions of borders, to examine power practices within the bordering process and to ascertain the relational geographies demarcated by different types of boundaries. It illustrates why those cross-border activities which address only the geopolitical dimension of the border tend to fail.     

Effects of PVC,cast iron and concrete conduit on concentrations of copper in stormwater

Architectural applications of copper on roofs, gutters and facades exposes it to weathering forces, such as wind and all forms of precipitation. This leads to the dissolution of copper from these surfaces and its introduction into local watersheds. The potential for exposure in local watersheds is a function of the amount of copper entering the watershed and the assimilation capacity of a wide variety of natural and manmade substrates that transform and sequester copper, thus reducing exposure of sensitive organisms to bioavailable copper. This study investigates one type of manmade substrate, stormwater conduit, commonly used to transport stormwater away from buildings. Conduits made of PVC and cast iron did not significantly remove copper from a synthetic stormwater spiked with copper averaging 2391 μg Cu/L. Concrete conduit significantly removed copper from the synthetic water and at high rates (12 – 18%) over a short distance (610 cm). A high percentage (81 – 100%) of the copper removed from the water was from the dissolved copper fraction. Once adsorbed to the concrete, copper did not readily leach back into copper-free water subsequently pumped into the conduit. These characteristics have significant implications for watershed management and best management practices for reducing concentrations of copper in stormwater runoff.     

提高预焙阳极质量措施与生产实践

阐述了"预焙阳极是铝电解生产的心脏"观念和铝电解对预焙阳极质量的要求,论述和分析了提高预焙阳极质量的条件和措施。从生产实践方面,进一步论证和加强了"优质原料是阳极质量的基础,工艺条件稳定是阳极质量的保证"的理念。     

麻地梁煤矿智能化装备应用与生产管理变革的思考

随着互联网技术、5G、智能装备等高新技术的快速发展，以智能感知、智能决策和智能控制为代表的的智能化开采越来越成为煤炭安全高效开采的发展方向。本文首先从检修班、生产班、设备库存、生产管理等方面对传统煤矿装备及生产管理现状进行阐述，分析现有煤矿装备及管理模式存在的问题。然后，以内蒙古智能煤炭有限责任公司麻地梁煤矿智慧矿山智能化工作面建设为工程背景，从智能化装备的组建、功能、库存管理、生产管理、运行优势和成功实践等角度介绍智能化装备的应用与生产管理，构建了以煤矿大数据库为基础的管理体系，提出了 “管设备，就是管生产、管安全”的新的管理理念。该体系的建立及理念的提出，可为突破传统生产管理模式、进行新型智能化煤矿建设提供借鉴和参考。     

SWAT模型在丘陵地区的非点源污染模拟研究

采用SWAT模型对苏南丘陵研究区进行非点源负荷模拟,对模型进行了率定、验证,在此基础上分析非点源污染与降雨径流的时间特性;比较不同土地利用情景下非点源污染负荷的变化;研究施肥对非点源污染负荷的影响;探讨不同管理措施对非点源污染的影响;为该区域非点源污染控制和综合治理提供科学依据。     

A risk assessment of salmonellosis linked to chicken meals prepared in households of China

A quantitative microbiological risk assessment model was used to quantify the risk of salmonellosis caused by bacterial growth and cross-contamination of chicken meals prepared in households of China. Chinese data on initial loads of Salmonella in chicken carcasses sold at retail, storage time and handling of raw chicken meat in household kitchens and confirmatory transfer rates of Salmonella among different kitchen objects were collected. Only one third of Chinese families in our sample separated the cutting board between raw and ready-to-eat foods. The cross-contamination of ready-to-eat foods from chicken meals via the cutting board, the knife and cooks’ hands increased the frequency of pathogen ingestion and the risk of salmonellosis. A significant decrease in the risk of salmonellosis could be achieved by reducing the cross-contamination when handling raw chicken meat and ready-to-eat foods. Decreasing the prevalence of Salmonella contamination to 8.8% or removing chicken carcasses with contamination densities higher than 100 MPN/100 g at retail was less effective. Using transfer rates of Salmonella from raw chicken meat to the wooden cutting board instead of that from references, a statistically higher risk of salmonellosis per serve due to the cross-contamination in households was observed. The present study validated values of hygiene practices in China to reduce the risk of salmonellosis from contaminated raw chicken meat at retail. Deliberate surveys for cooking behaviors and transfer rates of Salmonella from and to different objects including wooden cutting boards were needed.     

Management,operational, animal health,and economic characteristics of large dairy herds in 4 states in the Upper Midwest of the United States

Recent trends in dairy farm structure in the United States have included a decreasing number of farms, although farm size has increased, especially the share of milk production from very large herds (>2,500 cows). The objectives of this observational study were to describe common management practices; to characterize labor and operational structure; to measure some aspects of animal health, including lameness, hock lesions, mortality, and mastitis incidence; and to summarize cost of production on farms with more than 2,500 cows in 4 states in the Upper Midwest of the United States. The study included 15 dairy farms in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, and South Dakota. Farms were visited twice, once each year, and on-farm herd records were collected for those 2 yr. On-farm herd records were used to investigate mortality, culling, pregnancy rate, and clinical mastitis incidence. At least 1 high-producing pen of mature cows and 1 pen of fresh cows were scored for locomotion. Likewise, at least 1 pen of high-producing mature cows was scored for cleanliness and hock lesions. Median herd size was 3,975 cows (range = 2,606–13,266). Milk sold per employee was 1,120,745 kg and the number of cows per employee was 105. Eighty percent of the farms had Holstein cows, 13% had Jersey, and 7% had Jersey-Holstein crosses. All farms used artificial insemination as the sole form of breeding and 100% of the farms used hormonal synchronization or timed artificial insemination programs in their reproductive protocols; 21-d pregnancy rate was 21.7%. Median lameness prevalence was 18.3% and median severe lameness prevalence was 5.1%. Median hock lesion prevalence was 17.4% and median severe hock lesion prevalence was 1.9%; mortality rate was 7.4%. Clinical mastitis incidence was 62.5 cases per 100 cow-years. Feed costs accounted for approximately 53% of the total cost of producing milk, followed by labor at 11%, interest and depreciation expenses at 10%, and replacement costs at 9.5%. Herds in the top 50th percentile for profitability had a net income of $2.40 per hundredweight of milk sold compared with $0.95 per hundredweight for herds in the bottom 50th percentile. Although results of this study were helpful in understanding how large dairy systems operate in the Upper Midwest, more research is yet needed with a larger number of farms and wider variety of management practices to identify factors within these large farms that promote optimal animal health and profitability.