Calculating prices and final accounts for housing construction

In countries with unstable conditions, negotiations regarding construction work takes place under conditions of great uncertainty with both sides, the purchaser and the investor, trying to minimize the difficulties. This paper gives an insight of how matters relating to costing are looked at by professionals when faced with such conditions.     

挖掘制约因素贡献潜力的整体优化方法

阐述了制约因素管理的基本思想,描述了对偶模型及影子价格的概念,提出了以制约因素理论为指导,以影子价格为工具,挖掘生产计划中的制约因素贡献潜力,实施生产系统整体优化的一种方法和步骤。     

Effects of stochastic energy prices on long-term energy-economic scenarios

In view of the currently observed energy prices, recent price scenarios, which have been very moderate until 2004, also tend to favor high future energy prices. Having a large impact on energy-economic scenarios, we incorporate uncertain energy prices into an energy systems model by including a stochastic risk function. Energy systems models are frequently used to aid scenario analysis in energy-related studies. The impact of uncertain energy prices on the supply structures and the interaction with measures in the demand sectors is the focus of the present paper.

For the illustration of the methodological approach, scenarios for four EU countries are presented. Including the stochastic risk function, elements of high energy price scenarios can be found in scenarios with a moderate future development of energy prices. In contrast to scenarios with stochastic investment costs for a limited number of technologies, the inclusion of stochastic energy prices directly affects all parts of the energy system. Robust elements of hedging strategies include increasing utilization of domestic energy carriers, the use of CHP and district heat and the application of additional energy-saving measures in the end-use sectors. Region-specific technology portfolios, i.e., different hedging options, can cause growing energy exchange between the regions in comparison with the deterministic case.     

The impact of oil prices on GDP in European countries: An empirical investigation based on asymmetric cointegration

This paper investigates the existence of a long-term relationship between oil prices and GDP in 12 European countries. To account for the fact that economic activity responds asymmetrically to oil price shocks, we propose an approach based on asymmetric cointegration. Our results show that, while standard cointegration is rejected, there is evidence for asymmetric cointegration between oil prices and GDP in the majority of the considered European countries.     

Stagnation in Dutch housing production and suggestions for a way forward

This paper examines the stagnation of the Dutch housing production in the late 1990s and identifies possibilities for raising production in the near future. Dutch housing production is placed in a theoretical and historical context. Special attention is devoted to the relationship between housing production, price developments, the economic cycle and urbanization policy. These form the basis for an explanation of the stagnation of Dutch housing production. In addition, it identifies a number of obstructive and disruptive influences in play. Because these are partly steered by government policy, the government needs to re-think its role in the housing (construction) market.     

The dynamics of Swedish national and regional house price movement

In this study, the recent persistent growth of regional house price pattern in Sweden is explained by the fundamental variables and the regional distributive perspective on household income and wealth are indicated to be important to understand the different level and development of regional housing market. We also discuss the long running relationship between house prices and migration flows and highlight its critical role on house price analyses.     

非寿险精算在零售价差风险管理中的运用

价差风险对零售市场的稳定运行和企业的稳健经营影响很大。零售商必须构建价差风险管理体系才能对风险进行系统、有效的管理。在从概率论角度准确定义价差风险的基础上,运用非寿险精算原理,进一步定义了零售平均价格的精算值。精算值把零售平均价格分为精算值和风险溢价。根据零售企业风险偏好,价差风险溢价又可分为价差风险管理所需要的风险资本和价差风险报酬。价差风险资本的份额大小由安全附加系数测量。以风险资本与价差风险水平的对应关系为核心,以电力市场衍生合同和企业自身的价差风险准备金为风险控制手段,建立价差风险管理体系的初步框架。模拟结果显示,安全附加系数的增加明显使价差风险降低,降低的速度是先快后慢;电力终端需求量与批发市场电价的相关性越大,安全附加系数对价差风险管理效率越高。     

Equilibrium between interest payments and income in the housing market

The literature on housing markets suggests that house prices in almost all western economies can be explained by short-run demand-oriented variables and a long-run term. The basic principles of the theory are that the short-run fluctuations, which are based on recent price developments (shocks), occur due to market imperfection, while over the long term, causality with such fundamentals as income will recover. Nonetheless, many of the interesting questions in housing economics concern adjustments toward equilibrium. This paper seeks to identify a long-run equilibrium between interest payments and household income (interest-to-income ratio) instead of between house prices and income (price-to-income ratio).

China's Output of Secondary Metals in the First Three Quarters Grew by 2% in Comparison With the Same Period Last Year

正According to news from Beijing on October 10,the Recycling Metal Branch of China Nonferrous Metals Industry Association said that in the first three quarters of 2014,China’s total output of secondary nonferrous metals(copper,aluminum,lead,zinc)was 7.37million tonnes,recording a slight increase of     

Reform of Resource Tax for Nonferrous Metal will be Unveiled Next Year,Resource Utilization Rate of Lead and Zinc Ore is Expected to be Improved

正The recent period has witnessed heated discussion on resource tax reform as a hot spot topic in the industry.Some information sources disclosed that the resource tax reform of the nonferrous metal industry would be enforced next year in the latest,the levy method will be changed from quantity-based levy to pricebased levy.