#br#耦合样本先验分布信息的加权极限学习机

极限学习机广泛用于分类、聚类、回归等任务中,但在处理类不平衡分类问题时,前人未充分考虑样本先验分布信息对分类性能的影响。针对此问题,本文提出耦合样本先验分布信息的加权极限学习机（Coupling sample Prior distribution Weighted Extreme Learning Machine,CPWELM）算法。该算法基于加权极限学习机,充分探讨不同分布样本点的重要程度,以此构造代价矩阵,进而提升分类器性能。本文通过12个不平衡数据集,对CPWELM算法的可行性及有效性进行了验证。结果表明,相比同类其他算法,CPWELM算法的性能更优。     

基于非凸加权Lp范数稀疏误差约束的图像去噪算法

图像去噪过程中由于噪声的影响,无法学习到准确的先验知识,因此难以获取较优的稀疏系数。针对该问题,本文提出一种基于非凸加权l_p范数稀疏误差约束的图像去噪算法。该算法将系数求解过程分解为两个子问题,采用广义软阈值算法求解l_p范数中的稀疏系数,再利用代理算法求解稀疏误差约束中的稀疏系数,根据二者的均值来获取更具鲁棒性的稀疏系数。与当前几种典型的算法进行对比分析,实验结果表明:本文算法不仅具有更高的峰值信噪比（PSNR）,而且在运行时间上具有更高的效率,同时在视觉角度上产生了更好的视觉感受。     

Effect of Level of Processing Prior to Response on Cognitive Control： Evidence from ERP

Based on the idea that intentions have different penetrability to perception and thought, four Stroop-like tasks, AA, AW, WA, and WW are used. Event-related brain potentials are recorded as participants completed these tasks, and standardized low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography （sLORETA） is used to localize the sources at specific time points. These results show that there is an interference effect in the AA and WA tasks, but not in the AW or WW tasks. The activated brain areas related to the interference effect in the AA task are the PFC （prefrontal cortex） and ACC （anterior cingulated cortex）, and PFC aetivation takes place prior to ACC activation, but only in WA task. Combined with previous results, a new neural mechanism of cognitive control is proposed.     

逆χ^2分布下正态模型参数的后验分布及其抽样

当正态线性模型中的参数取逆χ^2先验分布时,得出了回归系数和误差方差的联合后验分布和边际后验分布,特别导出了回归系数二次型的分布。利用回归系数和误差方差联合后验分布的分解形式,给出了一种抽样方案。     

How goals and beliefs lead people into and out of depression.

There is evidence that beliefs (cognitive vulnerabilities) and goals (to prove self-worth) contribute to depression but little consideration of how they work in tandem. Synthesizing research on beliefs and goals leads us to four propositions: (a) People with cognitive vulnerabilities often adopt self-worth goals (seeking to prove self-worth and to avoid proof of worthlessness). People with the opposite beliefs often adopt learning goals. (b) Stressors trigger depression largely because they lead people with self-worth goals to focus narrowly on goals to avoid proof of worthlessness. The same stressors do not lead people with learning goals to become depressed. (c) People with goals to avoid proof of worthlessness adopt defensive self-handicapping behaviors (e.g., effort withdrawal, rumination) when dealing with stressors, because those behaviors serve their goals. The same stressors lead people with learning goals to adopt constructive, problem-solving strategies. (d) A key to alleviating depression is fostering a shift from self-worth goals to learning goals and from the beliefs underlying self-worth goals to the opposite beliefs. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Predicting homework effort: Support for a domain-specific, multilevel homework model.

According to the domain-specific, multilevel homework model proposed in the present study, students' homework effort is influenced by expectancy and value beliefs, homework characteristics, parental homework behavior, and conscientiousness. The authors used structural equation modeling and hierarchical linear modeling analyses to test the model in 2 studies with 414 and 1,501 8th graders, respectively. In line with the authors' assumptions, most intercorrelations observed between corresponding homework variables across 2 school subjects were small to moderate, conscientiousness and homework motivation proved to be strong predictors of homework effort, and perceived homework quality varied considerably between classes and predicted homework motivation and behavior. Findings highlight the need to take into account the domain specificity and multilevel character of homework variables when analyzing students' homework behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The efficacy of using music in children of divorce groups: Impact on anxiety, depression, and irrational beliefs about divorce.

This study examined the efficacy of a children of divorce group using music as an intervention in comparison to a more traditional psychoeducational children of divorce group. It was predicted that children of divorce groups that utilized music would have a significantly greater impact on the children's levels of anxiety, depression, and irrational beliefs about divorce after the group ended and at a 3-month follow-up assessment. Both interventions significantly decreased cognitive and social anxiety and all irrational beliefs about divorce, except hope of reunification. Depression did not decrease for all participants but when the relationship between depression and irrational beliefs was examined, irrational beliefs were found to be mediators of depression for children of divorce. These results suggest that current interventions for children of divorce do decrease anxiety and irrational beliefs in general, but specifically addressing irrational beliefs may also decrease depressive symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

You don't have to believe everything you read: Background knowledge permits fast and efficient validation of information.

In social cognition, knowledge-based validation of information is usually regarded as relying on strategic and resource-demanding processes. Research on language comprehension, in contrast, suggests that validation processes are involved in the construction of a referential representation of the communicated information. This view implies that individuals can use their knowledge to validate incoming information in a routine and efficient manner. Consistent with this idea, Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that individuals are able to reject false assertions efficiently when they have validity-relevant beliefs. Validation processes were carried out routinely even when individuals were put under additional cognitive load during comprehension. Experiment 3 demonstrated that the rejection of false information occurs automatically and interferes with affirmative responses in a nonsemantic task (epistemic Stroop effect). Experiment 4 also revealed complementary interference effects of true information with negative responses in a nonsemantic task. These results suggest the existence of fast and efficient validation processes that protect mental representations from being contaminated by false and inaccurate information. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

组团扩张式城市开发模式研究——以长沙市大河西先导区为例

在资源节约型、环境友好型社会建设的大背景下,城市开发必须注重经济效益与环境效益的共同提升,必须以较小的环境代价实现较大的发展提升。本文以长沙市的大河西先导区为例,提出了组团扩张式的城市开发模式。在此基础上,通过容积率控制、生态资源管理、产业门槛设置、主体功能引导等方式,保障该模式能体现资源节约、环境友好的特色。