工程项目进度控制

介绍工程项目管理中对项目进行工作分解的方法;阐述当前国际通用的赢得值评估原理,以及如何将赢得值与项目进度控制和费用控制有机地联系起来。重点分析了运用“赢得值评估原理”实现工程项目进度控制的方法。     

Cost-effectiveness of feeding strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from dairy farming

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of 3 feeding strategies to reduce enteric CH₄ production in dairy cows by calculating the effect on labor income at the farm level and on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at the chain level (i.e., from production of farm inputs to the farm gate). Strategies included were (1) dietary supplementation of an extruded linseed product (56% linseed; 1 kg/cow per day in summer and 2 kg/cow per day in winter), (2) dietary supplementation of a nitrate source (75% nitrate; 1% of dry matter intake), and (3) reducing the maturity stage of grass and grass silage (grazing at 1,400 instead of 1,700 kg of dry matter/ha and harvesting at 3,000 instead of 3,500 kg of dry matter/ha). A dairy farm linear programing model was used to define an average Dutch dairy farm on sandy soil without a predefined feeding strategy (reference situation). Subsequently, 1 of the 3 feeding strategies was implemented and the model was optimized again to determine the new economically optimal farm situation. Enteric CH₄ production in the reference situation and after implementing the strategies was calculated based on a mechanistic model for enteric CH₄ and empirical formulas explaining the effect of fat and nitrate supplementation on enteric CH₄ production. Other GHG emissions along the chain were calculated using life cycle assessment. Total GHG emissions in the reference situation added up to 840 kg of CO₂ equivalents (CO₂e) per t of fat- and protein-corrected milk (FPCM) and yearly labor income of €42,605. Supplementation of the extruded linseed product reduced emissions by 9 kg of CO₂e/t of FPCM and labor income by €16,041; supplementation of the dietary nitrate source reduced emissions by 32 kg of CO₂e/t of FPCM and labor income by €5,463; reducing the maturity stage of grass and grass silage reduced emissions by 11 kg of CO₂e/t of FPCM and labor income by €463. Of the 3 strategies, reducing grass maturity was the most cost-effective (€57/t of CO₂e compared with €241/t of CO₂e for nitrate supplementation and €2,594/t of CO₂e for linseed supplementation) and had the greatest potential to be used in practice because the additional costs were low.     

Profitability versus safety of high-rise office buildings

The paper applies a computer-based method involving evolutionary search, Pareto optimization, and color filtering to investigate the tradeoff between the life-cycle profitability of high-rise commercial office buildings and their load-path safety against progressive collapse under abnormal loading. The study was motivated by the progressive-collapse failure of the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York on September 11, 2001. The assessment of life-cycle profitability is based on annual lease rates for office space that reflect the amounts of natural window lighting and open floor area that a building has. The assessment of load-path safety against progressive collapse is based on the degree of force redundancy that the structural system of a building has. For a particular office building project, a multi-criteria genetic algorithm is applied to find a relatively large number of cost-revenue Pareto designs that together form an optimal tradeoff surface in the 3D-space of capital cost, operating cost, and income revenue. Computer color filtering of the cost-revenue tradeoff surface is employed to highlight the relative profitability and safety of the different building designs. It is shown that designs with the most profit potential and those with the most safety potential correspond to buildings that also are the least safe and the least profitable, respectively. Finally, several good compromise building designs having profit and safety potentials that are both reasonable are identified from among a small number of profit-safety Pareto designs. The paper concludes with some general discussion and remarks concerning the design of buildings to withstand or delay progressive collapse under abnormal loading.     

浅析皮革城企业如何有效提高盈利能力

通过皮革城企业盈利能力现状分析,指出企业存在着业务分配不合理,成本管理亟待改善,产品营销与存货管理落后,人力资源管理缺乏创新性等问题,严重阻碍了企业良好经济效益的获取.基于此提出了一些科学合理的针对性策略,具体即科学调整业务结构,加强成本管理控制,优化存货管理体系,创新优化营销模式,完善人力资源管理机制,以期能够有效提...     

基于多市场耦合的新能源综合发电项目的盈利能力研究

为解决我国新能源发电产业扩张引发的弃风弃光问题,引入氢储能系统与风能、太阳能光伏发电配合,构建新能源综合发电项目。为解决预算赤字问题,提出碳减排市场(carbon certified emission reduction, CCER)与综合项目结合,构建市场交易模型。为评估项目平准化度电成本(levelized cost of electricity, LCOE),基于现有风、光发电基础,引入氢储能系统成本和“氢-电”收益、氢能收益、氧气收益、碳排放收益,建立优化的平准化度电成本(optimizing levelized cost of electricity, OLCOE)模型。以我国西北某省风、光电厂为例,设定3种盈利情景,计算项目的OLCOE。选取符合实际效益的模型,以传统燃煤上网电价为新能源上网电价,在不同氢能和碳排放定价下进行敏感性分析,深入研究综合发电项目的盈利能力。研究表明：多市场辅助对新能源综合发电项目的发展不仅增强其盈利潜力,还能补偿高额的建设成本,从而提高项目的可行性。此外,可持续发展政策的有效实施和技术的进步也将进一步推动项目的未来发展。     

Changes in milk production and estimated income over feed cost of group-housed dairy cows when moved between pens

Several studies have shown advantages of feeding cows in groups according to their nutrient requirements. However, there are concerns about losing milk when cows change from a high- to a low-nutrient diet. Data from 1,960 cows from 3 herds were analyzed to assess the impact on milk yield and estimated income over feed cost (IOFC) when moving cows between pens and rations. Pen feed intake and individual body weight and milk yield were recorded daily for 21 d before and 21 d after every pen movement. The data included 2,142 pen movements, and for each movement, milk production was recorded for 21 d before and 21 d after the change. Within farm, group, and cow, milk yield during the 21 d preceding a pen movement was used to predict milk yield for the subsequent 21 d using linear regression. Individual dry matter intake was estimated based on cow performance and diet composition, and then individual IOFC was calculated. Differences between actual and predicted milk yield and IOFC during the 21 d following a movement were determined and contrasted against zero using t-tests. In all 3 farms, every pen movement involved a change from a more expensive ration with more energy and protein than the one fed after the movement. On average, in all cases but one, observed milk yield was lower than the forecasted milk yield had cows not been moved. However, IOFC, on average, was positive in all cases except for 2 pen movements on 2 farms. Reasons for the improved IOFC with lower milk yield were due to a nutrient cost advantage, whereas, when IOFC decreased, differences in nutrient supply and dietary cost were not able to offset differences in milk yield. Moving cows according to milk production level does not result in economic advantages when the unit cost of nutrients is greater in the original than in the receiving ration. However, when the cost and nutrient difference between the diets offset potential losses in milk, forming groups according to production is advantageous.     

Effect of reproductive management programs that prioritized artificial insemination at detected estrus or timed artificial insemination on the economic performance of primiparous Holstein cows of different genetic merit for fertility

The objective of this randomized controlled experiment was to evaluate the effect of reproductive management programs that prioritized artificial insemination (AI) at detected estrus (AIE) or timed AI (TAI) during the first lactation on the economic performance of dairy cows of different genomically enhanced predicted transmitting ability for fertility. Lactating primiparous Holstein cows from 6 commercial farms were stratified into high, medium, and low fertility groups based on a reproduction index value calculated from multiple genomically enhanced predicted transmitting abilities to predict the number of days to achieve pregnancy. Within herd and fertility group, cows were randomly assigned either to a program that prioritized AIE (P-AIE; n = 1,416) and used TAI for cows not AIE for all AI services or another that prioritized TAI and had an extended voluntary waiting period for first service and prioritized TAI for second and greater AI services (P-TAI; n = 1,338). Cash flow (CF) per cow accumulated for the experimental (first) and second calving interval (CIN) and cash flow per slot per 28 mo after calving in the experimental lactation were calculated. Market and rearing heifer cost values were used for estimating CF. For cows in the high fertility group, a positive effect of delayed pregnancy on milk income during the first lactation was observed (+$248 for P-TAI) but was insufficient to generate significant differences in CF between treatments mainly because of milk income compensation in the second lactation (+$125 for P-AIE) and minor reductions in reproductive cost and gains in calf value for the P-AIE treatment. In this regard, CF for 2 CIN was greater for the P-TAI treatment by $61 and $86 for market and rearing replacement heifer cost, respectively. Similarly, CF per slot was favorable to the P-TAI treatment but only by $13 and $47 for market and rearing replacement heifer cost, respectively. For cows in the low fertility group, CF was numerically in favor of the P-AIE treatment due to a pregnancy and herd exit dynamics that resulted in gains in milk income over feed cost during the first ($29) and second ($113) lactation. Differences in CF for the 2 CIN were $58 and $47 for market or rearing heifer value, respectively, and $77 and $19 for market and rearing heifer values, respectively for the slot analysis. Differences in CF between cows of different genetic merit for fertility were consistent across treatment and estimation method. Of note, cows in the low fertility group had greater CF than cows in the high fertility group in all comparisons, ranging from $198 per cow for 2 CIN to as much as $427 per slot. For the low fertility group, greater milk production contributed directly (milk income over feed cost) and indirectly (reduced culling) to increased CF. We concluded that genetic merit for fertility and CF are associated because cows of inferior genetic potential for fertility had greater CF than cows of superior genetic for fertility despite some increased costs and reduced revenues. Also, the magnitude of the CF differences observed for cows of different genetic merit for fertility managed with the P-AIE or P-TAI program may be valuable to commercial dairy farms but did not allow to conclusively support the choice of a type of reproductive management strategy for cows of different genetic merit for fertility.