The effect of self-distancing on adaptive versus maladaptive self-reflection in children.

Although children and adolescents vary in their chronic tendencies to adaptively versus maladaptively reflect over negative feelings, the psychological mechanisms underlying these different types of self-reflection among youngsters are unknown. We addressed this issue in the present research by examining the role that self-distancing plays in distinguishing adaptive versus maladaptive self-reflection among an ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample of fifth-grade public schoolchildren. Children were randomly assigned to analyze their feelings surrounding a recent anger-related interpersonal experience from either a self-immersed or self-distanced perspective. They then rated their negative affect and described in writing the stream of thoughts they experienced when they analyzed their feelings. Children's stream-of-thought essays were content analyzed for the presence of recounting statements, reconstruing statements, and blame attributions. Path analyses indicated that children who analyzed their feelings from a self-distanced perspective focused significantly less on recounting the “hot,” emotionally arousing features of their memory (i.e., what happened to me?) and relatively more on reconstruing their experience. This shift in thought content—less recounting and more reconstruing—led children in the self-distanced group to blame the other person involved in their recalled experience significantly less, which in turn led them to display significantly lower levels of emotional reactivity. These findings help delineate the psychological mechanisms that distinguish adaptive versus maladaptive forms of self-reflection over anger experiences in children. Their basic findings and clinical implications are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

On the Management and Counseling of International Students Based on Psychological Features

Educational Opportunities in China attract more students from around the world.Coming from different countries.Intemational students belong to different ethnic group and their educational and social experiences are also different.Besidesthis,their relilgilous beliefs and customs can vary.Nevertheless,they revealed in their study and life some psychological featurescertain regularity.We can use the basic principles of psychology and make the best use of a scientific management.     

The role of awakening cortisol and psychological distress in diurnal variations in affect: A day reconstruction study.

People often feel unhappy in the morning but better later in the day, and this pattern may be amplified in the distressed. Past work suggests that one function of cortisol is to energize people in the morning. In a study of 174 students, we tested to see whether daily affect patterns, psychological distress, and awakening cortisol levels were interlinked. Affect levels were assessed using the Day Reconstruction Method and psychological distress was measured using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. On average, positive affect increased markedly in a linear pattern across the day, whereas negative affect decreased linearly. For the highly distressed, this pattern was stronger for positive affect. Lower than average morning cortisol, as assessed by two saliva samples at waking and two samples 30 min after waking, predicted a clear increasing pattern of positive affect throughout the day. When we examined the interlinkages between affect patterns, distress, and cortisol, our results showed that a pronounced linear increase in positive affect from morning through to evening occurred chiefly among distressed people with below average cortisol levels upon awakening. Psychological distress, although not strongly associated with morning cortisol levels, does appear to interact with cortisol levels to profoundly influence affect. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Stressor experience in primary school-aged children: Development of a scale to assess profiles of exposure and effects on psychological well-being.

This study reports the development of a scale—the Children's Stress Questionnaire (CSQ). It goes on to report the utility of the CSQ to assess the nature and level of stressor experience in a large sample of young and normal, primary school-age children, to document profiles of stressor experience in that age group, and to establish relationships between childhood stress and both current and future psychological dysfunction. Stressors grouped statistically into five related subscales, the largest of which reflected daily hassles beyond normal control. Repeat administrations of the CSQ 12 months apart confirmed the stability of the factor structure. Subscales demonstrated acceptable reliability, both internally and over time. In addition, subscale scores consistently related to negative (though not positive) mood at intake. More important, most subscale scores at intake statistically predicted depression three to four months and then 12 months later and anxiety at 24 months. The CSQ meets the stated need for an instrument capable of assessing stressor experience in unselected (nondysfunctional) young children and has demonstrated utility for further research on stress and health in this age group. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Personality and the psychological refractory period: No evidence for an extraversion- or intelligence-related effect.

The psychological refractory period (PRP) refers to a major bottleneck of information processing that becomes evident when participants are required to respond to two signals (S1 and S2) presented in rapid succession. Typically, the response to S2 becomes increasingly delayed with decreasing stimulus onset asynchrony between S1 and S2. Several studies suggest differences in speed of sensorimotor information processing between introverts and extraverts. Speed of information processing is also positively related to mental ability. The present study investigates whether these individual differences in speed of information processing may reflect differences in PRP. For this purpose 80 female undergraduates were tested with a standard PRP design using an auditory two-choice Task 1 and a visual two-choice Task 2. Although a general PRP effect could be shown, there was no evidence for extraversion- or intelligence-related differences in PRP. These findings indicate that the PRP effect represents a robust phenomenon which is largely independent of extraversion- and intelligence-related individual differences in speed of information processing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

An introduction to the special section on U.S. Military operations: Effects on military members' partners and children.

[Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 25(5) of Journal of Family Psychology (see record 2011-22678-001). An author’s name cited in the text and the reference section was misspelled as Knoblock. The correct reference is Knobloch, L. K., & Theiss, J. A. (2011). Depressive symptoms and mechanisms of relational turbulence as predictors of relationship satisfaction among returning service members. Journal of Family Psychology, 25, 470–478. The online versions of this article have been corrected.] The deployment of U.S. military personnel to global hot spots, whether as combatants or as peacekeepers, has increased attention to the psychological well-being of military personnel and their family members. Despite the growing awareness that deployments have reverberating effects on all family members, theoretical explanations and empirical research on the impact of deployment on couple, family, and child adjustment, factors that serve to protect families from the demands of military employment, and effective methods of treating the mental health needs of military families are needed. The seven papers in this section increase our understanding of how the demands of U.S. military operations impact couples, family functioning, parenting, and child psychological adjustment and provide an additional resource for mental health professionals who work with these families. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

The split plot with repeated randomised complete block design can reduce psychological biases in consumer acceptance testing

A randomised complete block design (RCBD) has been extensively used in consumer testing; however, it is ineffective in preventing sample presentation biases. This study demonstrated a more efficient experimental design [i.e. split plot with repeated randomised complete block design (SPRRCBD)] to help minimise positional and first serving‐order (FSO) biases in consumer tests. Results suggested that positional biases were strongly pronounced for the poor‐quality sample. Comparing between RCBD and RCBD without FSO experiments, there were significant differences in overall liking (OL) scores of the same sample served at the same position. Hence, omitting the first sample score from data analysis was not recommended. The mean‐squared error (MSE) of SPRRCBD was lower than RCBD and RCBD without FSO (2.28, 2.72 and 2.60, respectively), indicating a more powerful design to explain variations in mean hedonic differences. SPRRCBD extracted more explained variances, resulting in a decreased Type‐II error in the model.     

基于工作压力的矿井作业人员安全选择模型实证研究

本文以矿井作业人员工作压力的五个层面的因素为外源变量,以矿井作业人员工作压力生理和心理反应为中介变量,以矿井作业人员的安全行为选择和安全意识选择为内生变量,构建了"工作压力-安全选择"模型,并运用结构方程建模方法进行了实证研究。实证结果,证实了工作压力-安全选择概念模型中的直接、中介及整体影响效果。基于实证研究结果,从工作特征因素、组织因素、个体因素和社会生活因素四个维度出发,提出了对矿井作业人员的工作压力进行控制及管理的策略和建议。     

开展黄河下游滩区居民心理研究的现实意义

黄河下游滩区居民因受特殊的自然地理位置、灾害环境的影响，生活保障程度差，贫困人口多。他们既是黄河水灾的受害者，也是维系黄河大堤以及大堤之外居民安危的贡献者。滩区的自然环境造就了滩区居民特有的心理特征．该心理特征势必影响滩区社会经济的发展乃至国家治理黄河诸多举措的实施。研究滩区居民心理状况．既是建设滩区社会主义新农村的需要，也是营造人与自然和谐相处局面以及维持黄河健康生命的需要。     

人文关怀、心理疏导与现代企业思想政治工作

人文是一个内涵丰富的概念,与人的价值、人的理想、人的个性和人的生存密切相关。心理疏导就是通过解释、说明改变人的认识、行为和意志,达到稳定情绪、化解矛盾的目的。在现代企业管理中,通过五个结合把人文关怀和心理疏导融入思想政治工作的全过程,是企业践行科学发展观的现实需要,是建设和谐企业的迫切需要。