A型地铁空调系统及客室内流场数值分析

为给目前国内A型地铁车辆的舒适度设计提供理论参考,针对地铁车辆静压风道结构特点,基于k-ε两方程湍流模型和SIMPLE算法,建立包含空调送风风道和客室的三维计算模型.对计算模型的空气流动和传热状况进行CFD数值计算.计算过程综合考虑车体壁面传热和人体散热等多种传热.分析计算结果得到客室内温度场和速度场的分布规律,并对空调通风设计方案进行量化评估.计算结果表明:客室内人体头部区域温度场分布均匀,平均温度为26.6℃,最大温差为6℃;车厢内有较理想的气流组织形式,速度分布范围为0.50~0.79 m/s,而且客室端部和中部区域人体头部周围速度较大.将计算结果与欧洲EN 14750-1标准进行对比分析,认为乘客的舒适性较好.     

Three stage trade credit policy in a three-layer supply chain–a production-inventory model

The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the optimal replenishment lot size of supplier and optimal production rate of manufacturer under three levels of trade credit policy for supplier–manufacturer–retailer supply chain. The supplier provides a fixed credit period to settle the accounts to the manufacturer, while the manufacturer gives a fixed credit period to settle the account to the retailer and the retailer, in turn, also offers a credit period to each of its customers to settle the accounts. We assume that the supplier supplies the raw material to the manufacturer and sends back the defective raw materials to the outside supplier after completion of inspection at one lot with a sales price. The system always produces good items in the model. Also, we consider the idle times of supplier and manufacturer. Finally, numerical examples are provided to illustrate the behaviour and application of the model with graphical simulation.     

Oil supply between OPEC and non-OPEC based on game theory

The competing strategies between OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) and non-OPEC producers make the oil supply market a complex system, and thus, it is very difficult to model and to make predictions. In this paper, we combine the macro-model based on game theory and micro-model to propose a new approach for forecasting oil supply. We take into account the microscopic behaviour in the clearing market and also use the game relationships to adjust oil supplies in our approach. For the supply model, we analyse and consider the different behaviour of non-OPEC and OPEC producers. According to our analysis, limiting the oil supply, and thus maintaining oil price, is the best strategy for OPEC in the low-price scenario, while the rising supply is the best strategy in the high-price scenario. No matter what the oil price is, the dominant strategy for non-OPEC producers is to increase their oil supply. In the high-price scenario, OPEC will try to deplete non-OPEC’s share in the oil supply market, which is to OPEC’s advantage.     

试论供电企业的电力营销管理方法

树立正确的营销意识,丰富营销方法,有利于供电企业更好地适应不断变化的市场,提供质量更高的市场服务。分析了供电企业电力营销中存在的问题,提出了具体的改革方法。     

关于中压电缆网双环接线方式供电能力的分析

结合北京地区现阶段对相关技术的规定,以实际供用电方案为例,对中压电缆网双环接线方式的供电能力进行深入讨论。通过设计环网单元划分,发现某些条件下双环网供电能力可以得到进一步提升。     

一种老人医疗求救装置设计与实现

目前,老人医疗装置是当前应用热点之一,引起广泛的关注。本文就该问题提出了一种老人的医疗求救装置的实现方案,详细阐述了该方案设计过程的各个主要模块设计和软件设计。     

考虑转包的平行机供应链排序

研究一类考虑转包的供应链排序问题, 即工厂从客户处接受一批订单, 这些订单既可以由工厂完成, 也可以通过支付一定费用进行转包. 工厂需要确定被转包的订单集并安排未被转包订单的生产和运输. 针对工厂为平行机生产环境的情况, 以交货期限内完成所有订单的转包成本、生产成本与运输成本之和最小化为目标, 构建了问题的数学模型, 并设计了启发式算法. 最后通过数值实验结果表明了算法的有效性.

     

多周期多原料的供应链网络成本优化及其混合遗传算法

建立并求解一个基于成本最小的供应链网络模型.与以往研究不同,在该模型中生产一种产品需要至少两种原料,每种原料都可以由备选供应商提供.根据模型的特点,用0、1代表对原材料供应商、工厂和分销中心的选择情况,以MATLAB 7.6为平台,运用Sheffield大学的遗传算法工具箱,将遗传算法与线性规划算法相结合,实现了模型的求解.算例结果表明,给出的染色体编码方案正确,混合遗传算法有效,能解决多周期、多原料的供应链网络成本优化问题.还探讨了需求和距离变化,以及需求随机时对最优成本和最优个体的影响.研究表明,需求变化的影响大于距离变化的影响,需求随机对最优成本和最优个体的影响不大.     

基于条件风险价值的零售商创新投资决策研究

研究了由风险中性制造商和风险规避零售商构成的供应链创新投资问题。通过运用条件风险价值（CVaR）对企业的风险偏好进行测度,构建了分散供应链和集中供应链两种情况下的企业决策模型,并根据数值实验对模型作了进一步的分析。研究结果表明：零售商越担心风险,其对创新的投入越少,并会减少销售量以应对市场风险,从而使得供应链的整体收益下降;分散供应链下的创新投入、销售量和供应链的期望收益低于集中供应链下的创新投入、销售量和供应链的期望收益。施行收益共享契约后,分散供应链下的创新投入和销售量达到了集中供应链下的决策水平,制造商和零售商的期望收益均得到提高。     

Coordination between strategic forest management and tactical logistic and production planning in the forestry supply chain

In this paper, we study the coordination mechanism in the forestry supply chain between strategic forest management and tactical production planning. We first formulate an integrated model to establish a theoretical benchmark for performance of the entire supply chain. It is a mixed integer programming model that involves harvesting, bucking, transportation, production, and sales decisions for both tactical and strategic planning levels. We then present two sequential approaches S‐A and S‐B where the coordination is done through internal pricing. S‐A is the approach currently used in practice where harvesting in the forest is the main driver of the supply chain activities and internal pricing is introduced to control bucking decision in a separate stage. In contrast, S‐B takes downstream demand information into consideration and internal pricing directly influences harvesting decision in the first stage. In order to find the appropriate setting of internal pricing that leads to the system optimum, we suggest two heuristics H‐I and H‐II. The internal pricing in H‐I is based on dual values and in H‐II, it is derived from a Lagrangian decomposition. A real‐life case study in the Chilean forestry industry is used to compare the results of different approaches. It is shown that the new sequential approach S‐B generates as good feasible solution as that obtained from the integrated approach but in much less time. Both heuristics H‐I and H‐II bring about near‐optimal feasible solutions. H‐II also provides optimistic bound of the optimal objective function value, which can be used as a measure of the solution quality.