Pressurized water pellets and supercritical nitrogen in injection molding

In this article, a novel approach to decrease cycle time without compromising part dimensional stability developed in our group is compared with the use of supercritical nitrogen in injection molding. In this new approach, water is pre‐pressurized into the polymer pellets containing water carrier particles such as activated carbon (AC), thus no molding equipment modifications are required. Because of its high porosity, AC can trap water inside the particle, thus improving water compatibility with hydrophobic polymers for less water loss during handling and in the barrel during injection molding. After mixing, the polymer with the water carrier, the pellets are batch pressurized with water at a controlled temperature and pressure. The water containing pellets are then fed into the hopper of the injection molding machine. Parts with similar densities were molded and mechanical properties and warpage for both processes compared. It was found that the warpage and mechanical properties of the method presented here are comparable with the use of supercritical nitrogen, which is used in microcellular injection molding. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

Optimization of Vacuum Drying Characteristics of Date Powder

Kabkab, Khazravi, and Zark are three varieties of Iranian dates representing high, middle, and low sugar content, respectively. Under the vacuum conditions, powders from these dates were produced and placed in the optimized state for the dehydration reaction. The statistical analyses showed that the moisture reduction range of these three varieties at various conditions (100°C and 15.3 cm Hg, 93°C and 30.4 cm Hg, 84°C and 54.6 cm Hg, 68°C and 60.1 cm Hg) were 17.27±0.16, 20.89±0.19, and 7.61±0.02%, respectively. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) on date variety and thickness (0.2, 1, 2, 2.5, and 3 cm) in drying time indicated that the Zark variety with low moisture and sugar contents exhibited the lowest drying time (about 6 h), followed by Khazravi and KabKab. The optimum condition (85°C, 54.6 cm Hg, and 1 cm thickness during 7 h of drying time) was selected for its favorable effects on the moisture reduction, smell/color quality, energy usage, and economical feasibility.     

CeO2的添加对MnOx/ACFN催化剂脱除NOx性能影响

以经过硝酸改性后的活性炭纤维（ACFN）为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了MnOx/ACFN催化剂。测试了其在以氨气为还原剂的低温选择性催化还原（SCR）过程中的催化活性,并考察了活性组分MnOx的负载量、金属氧化物CeO2的复合负载方法及负载量对催化剂脱硝活性的影响。同时运用XRD和SEM对催化剂理化特性进行表征。结果表明,采用共沉淀法添加CeO2、总负载量为15%、且铈与锰的物质的量比为3∶2、反应温度为200 ℃时,催化剂的活性最高,对NOx的去除率达到92.2%。     

电镀污泥的铁氧体化研究

采用酸浸-铁氧体化-毒性浸出分析工艺实现电镀污泥的资源化.对电镀污泥中重金属的硫酸浸出工艺进行了研究,考查了液固比、时间、温度的影响.结果表明:在液固质量比为5∶1,时间为60 min,温度为25℃时,污泥中重金属的浸出率最佳.向重金属浸出液中加入硫酸亚铁,通入空气,控制pH值和温度条件下制备铁氧体材料,结果表明:在pH为9,铁和其他重金属M的摩尔比为8∶1,温度为80℃,时间为120 min的条件下,所得铁氧体结构稳定,滤液中重金属的浓度最低,远低于国家规定的一级排放标准值,可安全排放.对硫酸浸出残渣和铁氧体进行毒性浸出分析,结果均低于TCLP毒性鉴别标准值,已达到无害化,残渣可安全填埋,铁氧体可作为工业产品应用.     

酸碱法生产活性氧化锌经济性差异对比分析

通过对4种生产活性氧化锌工艺,即酸法的加纯碱（Na₂CO₃）法和加碳酸氢氨（NH₄HCO₃）法,氨浸法的加热蒸氨让氨挥发法和通入二氧化碳碳化法的差异部分的经济性进行分析,对比发现碱法总体优于酸法,其中以氨浸蒸氨法经济性最佳。酸法不仅存在浸出剂和合成剂消耗成本高,而且酸法生产活性氧化锌会产生大量的废水,废水处理成本高于回收产品的收入,经济性较差。因此推荐用氨浸蒸氨法生产活性氧化锌,不仅经济而且环保。     

DOC-Ⅰ降烯烃催化剂小型提升管反应性能评价

采用小型提升管催化裂化试验装置评价研制的DOC-Ⅰ降烯烃催化剂的催化裂化反应性能。结果表明,在反应温度500 ℃、剂油质量比6和停留时间1.99 s条件下,DOC-Ⅰ催化剂上原料油的转化率达75.01%,较参比催化剂提高1.79个百分点,相应的液化气产率降低0.28个百分点,汽油产率增加2.9个百分点,烯烃含量下降5.21个百分点,异构烷烃和芳烃含量明显增加,产品分布有效改善。表明研制的DOC-Ⅰ催化剂具有较好的催化裂化性能和降烯烃能力。     

SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF ANIONIC SURFACTANT AND NONIONIC POLYMER ADDITIVES ON DRAG REDUCTION

Turbulent drag reduction (DR) behavior of mixed nonionic polymer and anionic surfactant solutions in water was studied in a pipeline set up to explore the synergic effects of mixed additives on DR. The concentration of polymer polyethylene oxide (PEO) was varied from 0 to 2000 ppm and the concentration of surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was varied from 0 to 5000 ppm. The critical aggregation concentration (CAC), where the interaction between the polymer and the surfactant begins, and the polymer saturation point (PSP), where the polymer molecules become saturated with the surfactant, were determined using electrical conductivity and surface tension measurements. As the polymer concentration was increased the CAC decreased but the PSP increased. The relative viscosity showed a remarkable increase upon the addition of surfactant to the polymer solution due to extension of polymer chains caused by the formation of micelles on the backbone of the polymer molecules. The data exhibited a considerable increase in DR in the case of mixed polymer/surfactant systems. The percent reduction in friction factor was as high as 79 when 3000 ppm or more surfactant was added to the 500 ppm polymer solution. Furthermore, the drag reduction behavior of the polymer solution changed from so-called Type A to Type B. In Type A drag reduction, a transition from laminar to turbulent regime is observed with a clear-cut onset point. In Type B drag reduction, no transition or onset point is observed; the data fall on a gradual extension of the laminar line.     

Organogels as a Tool to Generate Anion:Cation Selective Membranes

Porous membranes consisting of poly[2-ethyl-hexyl methacrylate-co-2-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate-cross-1,4-butane diol dimethacrylate] have been prepared by means of the “gel template leaching” strategy. Well-defined cylindrical pores with diameters of 6–15 nm have been obtained on applying N-(2-desoxy-sorbityl)-3′, 4′,5′-tris(dodecyloxy)benzamide as organogelator. Chemical modification of the pores' inner walls with methyl iodide to introduce tetra alkyl ammonium surface groups yielded functional membranes with cationic charged pores. The membranes exhibited anion:cation selectivities depending on the electrolyte concentration. At an ion strength of 1 mM the anion:cation selectivity exceeded values of 100.     

Reinvestigation of the Oxidative Folding Pathways of Hen Egg White Lysozyme: Switching of the Major Pathways by Temperature Control

It has been well established that in the oxidative folding of hen egg white lysozyme (HEL), which has four SS linkages in the native state (N), three des intermediates, i.e., des[76–94], des[64–80], and des [6–127], are populated at 20 °C and N is dominantly formed by the oxidation of des[64–80] and des[6–127]. To elucidate the temperature effects, the oxidative folding pathways of HEL were reinvestigated at 5–45 °C in the presence of 2 M urea at pH 8.0 by using a selenoxide reagent, DHS^ox. When reduced HEL was reacted with 1–4 equivalents of DHS^ox, 1S, 2S, 3S, and 4S intermediate ensembles with 1–4 SS linkages, respectively, were produced within 1 min. After the oxidation, 3S was slowly converted to the des intermediates with formation of the native structures through SS rearrangement. At 5 °C, des[76–94] was populated in the largest amount, but the oxidation to N was slower than that of des[64–80] and des[6–127]. At 35 °C, on the other hand, des[64–80] and des[6–127] were no longer stable, and only des[76–94] was populated. The results suggested that the major folding pathways of HEL can be switched from one to the other by temperature control.