预处理在羊毛MTG酶处理工艺中的应用

为解决单独用蛋白酶处理羊毛织物时防缩效果不明显的问题,文章在谷氨酰胺转胺酶(MTG酶)处理前对比了H2O2、等离子体、超声波预处理对羊毛织物防缩等性能的作用效果,选择最佳的预处理方法.讨论了在最佳预处理条件下,MTG酶浓度、处理温度和时间的改变对羊毛织物防缩性能的影响,并借助电镜扫描照片观察处理前后羊毛纤维的微观结构.结果表明:采用等离子预处理效果比较好,最佳工艺条件为,MTG酶浓度3%,30℃,处理50 min.     

Solution calorimetry: A novel perspective into the dissolution process of food powders

The enthalpy of dissolution of two food powders, maltodextrin and skim milk, was studied by means of isothermal solution calorimetry. The effects of the moisture content and the physical state of the samples were investigated. A reduced exothermic response was found as the moisture content of the samples increased. It was shown that this effect is reversible upon re-drying of the solid, unless crystallization occurs. In the skim milk powder, crystallization of lactose occurred, leading to a less exothermic response. In addition, the dissolution kinetics of single particles was followed in situ with real time video acquisition and a novel image analysis technique. The data showed a significant effect of the physical state of the powder on the dissolution kinetics. Fully amorphous skim milk powder dissolved significantly faster than the recrystallized counterpart. A clear relation was observed between the physical state of the powders, their thermodynamic response and the dissolution kinetics.     

Protein breakdown during the preparation of frozen batter-coated squid rings

The objective of this paper was to study the main chemical and microstructural changes in squid proteins during processing as a frozen batter-coated product using different coatings. Protein bands of the squid and of the batters used for coating were studied using SDS-PAGE. It is concluded that it is not only the proteins of the layer of batter, which are directly exposed both to the frying oil and to freezing temperatures, that deteriorate during the preparation process, the protein fraction of the squid substrate, mainly the myofibrillar proteins, is also degraded. At a microstructural level, big voids are generated during freezing as a consequence of the packing of the fibres, although the size of these voids decreases after final frying. After this step of the process, the central sarcoplasm is still visible but has been altered by coagulation of the sarcoplasmic proteins and the sarcolemma is observed to be separate from the myofibrillar package.     

蕨根淀粉糊化温度测定及影响因素研究

采用偏光显微镜、DSC差示扫描量热仪等对蕨根淀粉糊化温度进行测定.结果表明：蕨根淀粉具有明显的偏光性,多数呈黑十字,少数呈“×”形.用偏光显微镜测得蕨淀粉的糊化温度为57～64～74 ℃,稍高于土豆淀粉,明显低于玉米淀粉.DSC差示扫描量热仪测得蕨根淀粉的糊化温度为57.50～65.54～70.30 ℃,ΔT为12.8 ℃,ΔH为9.65 J/g.采用偏光显微镜法测定不同添加物对蕨根淀粉糊化温度的影响,结果表明：蔗糖、食用明胶、氯化钠使糊化温度升高,氯化钙降低了最终糊化温度.     

无定形食品物理老化过程的数值研究

为了估算无定形食品的老化时间,利用数值方法考察了升降温速率和Adam-Gibbs(AG)模型参数对连续升降温无量纲比热容的影响。结果表明,升降温速率会对计算结果产生明显影响,获得的松弛参数要给出是在何种升降温速率下获得的。AG模型参数表现出很强的相关性,如果四个模型参数同时作为自由变量可能会得到不合理结果。通过和实验数据的对照,发现本研究的分析结果对于大致估算AG模型参数有一定指导意义。     

精练对广西天然黄色家蚕茧性能的影响

研究了广西天然黄色家蚕茧的茧型、练减率,探讨了精练对其回潮率、拉伸性能的影响。通过观察SEM、傅立叶红外光谱、X-射线衍射图谱,分析精练对广西天然黄色家蚕丝晶态结构的影响,并与广西天然白色家蚕丝进行了比较分析。结果表明:天然黄色家蚕茧茧型较小,练减率为21.47%,精练前后回潮率分别为9.25%和7.85%,拉伸断裂强度分别为33.54 cN/tex和26.05 cN/tex,精练对天然黄色、白色家蚕丝的晶态结构影响均不显著。     

GC检测虾中氯霉素残留的研究

建立了虾中氯霉素残留的带电子捕获检测器的气相色谱方法.通过改进虾样品前处理的操作,结果表明:氯霉素浓度在0.5μg/L～500μg/L的范围内呈良好的线性关系(R2=0.9996),最低检测限为0.1μg/kg,定量限为0.5 μg/kg;向样品中分别添加10、100、200μg/kg3个浓度水平的氯霉素回收率分别为99.3%、109.9%和116.9%,变异系数为3.1%～9.2%.该方法灵敏.精密度高.     

镍基高温合金电子束钎焊接头界面组织及力学性能

采用Bnp27钎料实现了K465镍基高温合金的真空电子束钎焊.分析了不同工艺参数对接头抗剪强度的影响,借助扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)和相图分析等方法研究了界面结构,确定了界面反应产物及其形态分布.结果表明,在界面反应层中生成五种产物:大量的镍基γ固溶体和(γ' γ)共晶相,大量的富含钨的Ni3B和CrB相,以及少量的NbC相;化合物相以细小的块状弥散分布在镍基固溶体中.随着束流和加热时间的增加,接头抗剪强度呈现先升高再降低的趋势.当束流为2.6mA,加热时间为560 s,聚焦电流为1 800 mA时,获得最大抗剪强度为436 MPa的钎焊接头.     

Ruminal degradation of tannin‐treated legume meals

The inefficiency of protein utilisation by ruminants fed protein concentrates (based on legume meals) causes serious economic loss and environmental damage owing to their rapid hydrolysis and deamination in the rumen. Thus efforts aimed at slowing the ruminal fermentation of such feeds are needed, and recent studies have observed potentially positive effects of tannins on ruminant nutrition under certain circumstances. Tannins are a complex group of naturally occurring plant polyphenols characterised by their ability to bind with proteins. This property of tannins is considered responsible for the decreased ruminal digestibility of forages both in vivo and in vitro. Under that perspective, commercial tannic acid was added at three proportions (10, 25 and 50 g kg^?1 on a dry matter basis) to four different legume meals (horse bean, kidney bean, soybean and pea), and the effect on in situ dry matter and crude protein ruminal disappearance was assessed. The results confirmed the dose‐dependent (although not persistent after 48 h) slowing of in situ digestibility, this effect being significant at the highest tannin treatment when compared with untreated samples. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that soybean seed endosperm cell walls were protected from digestion by the ruminal microbiota, while the digestion of starch granules was relatively unaffected by tannic acid. Electrophoresis of the protein fractions confirmed the lower digestibility of tannin‐treated seeds as well as the relative lack of alteration of the electrophoretic profile of individual proteins. Implications for the digestion of concentrates in ruminants are discussed. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry