All PTSD symptoms are highly associated with general distress: Ramifications for the dysphoria symptom cluster.

This study used longitudinal data collected from two trauma-exposed samples, survivors of community violence (N = 294) and wildfire evacuees (N = 234), to examine a key claim underlying a proposed reformulation of the symptom structure of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This theory, which we term the PTSD–dysphoria model, posits that 8 of 17 symptoms of PTSD reflect dysphoria or general psychological distress and might be deemphasized to improve the utility of the PTSD construct (Simms, Watson, & Doebbeling, 2002). For each sample, we analyzed PTSD symptoms and measures of general distress administered at 2 time points. A consistent pattern of findings was observed across assessments for each sample: All 17 PTSD symptoms were highly associated with measures of general distress. Moreover, we found no evidence that dysphoria symptoms were more highly correlated than PTSD-specific symptoms with general distress. Results call into question both the conceptual basis and the clinical utility of differentiating between symptoms that appear to be relatively specific to PTSD and those that seem more broadly characteristic of general psychological distress. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Osteopontin Deficiency Ameliorates Prostatic Fibrosis and Inflammation

Fibrogenic and inflammatory processes in the prostate are linked to the development of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men. Our previous studies identified that osteopontin (OPN), a pro-fibrotic cytokine, is abundant in the prostate of men with LUTS, and its secretion is stimulated by inflammatory cytokines potentially to drive fibrosis. This study investigates whether the lack of OPN ameliorates inflammation and fibrosis in the mouse prostate. We instilled uropathogenic E. coli (UTI89) or saline (control) transurethrally to C57BL/6J (WT) or Spp1^tm1Blh/J (OPN-KO) mice and collected the prostates one or 8 weeks later. We found that OPN mRNA and protein expression were significantly induced by E. coli-instillation in the dorsal prostate (DP) after one week in WT mice. Deficiency in OPN expression led to decreased inflammation and fibrosis and the prevention of urinary dysfunction after 8 weeks. RNAseq analysis identified that E. coli-instilled WT mice expressed increased levels of inflammatory and fibrotic marker RNAs compared to OPN-KO mice including Col3a1, Dpt, Lum and Mmp3 which were confirmed by RNAscope. Our results indicate that OPN is induced by inflammation and prolongs the inflammatory state; genetic blockade of OPN accelerates recovery after inflammation, including a resolution of prostate fibrosis.     

高冰草与小麦体细胞杂种后代的耐盐性和麦谷蛋白分析

利用不同浓度的NaCl处理高冰草、小麦及高冰草和小麦体细胞杂种F3代的幼苗,结果表明,高冰草具有耐盐单子叶植物典型的特征.亲本小麦属非盐生植物,抗盐能力较弱,当NaCl浓度达150mmol/L时已有盐害影响,浓度超过250mmol/L后全部死亡.高冰草在NaCl浓度为250mmol/L时盐害现象才比较明显;杂种植株的耐盐性远高于小麦,同时也高于高冰草.在100mmol/L以上NaCl处理组中,杂种的死亡率远较小麦低,甚至低于高冰草.生长量及各项生理指标的测定结果也表明杂种的耐盐性不仅远比其亲本小麦(济南177)高,而且还高于高冰草,表明体细胞杂交引起了杂种中盐胁迫应答相关基因表达的变化.杂种F1-F3代单粒种子的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)比较分析发现,杂种含有部分与双亲迁移率一致的亚基及少数与双亲迁移率不同的亚基,部分高冰草的特有亚基在杂种中消失,表明体细胞杂交引起了杂种中HMW-GS基因及表达的明显变异.这些研究结果对于体细胞杂交机制的探讨和利用体细胞杂交技术进行牧草耐盐和品质改良的生物技术育种有重要意义.     

Goal reconstruction and depressive symptoms during the transition to motherhood: Evidence from two cross-lagged longitudinal studies.

Two cross-lagged longitudinal studies were carried out to investigate the extent to which the adjustment of personal goals to match the particular stage-specific demands of the transition to motherhood has consequences for women's depressive symptoms. In Study 1, 348 women filled out a revised version of Little's (1983) Personal Project Analysis and a revised version of Beck's Depression Inventory (A. T. Beck, C. H. Ward, M. Mendelsohn, L. Mock, & J. Erlaugh, 1961) 4 times: during early pregnancy, 1 month before childbirth, 3 months after childbirth, and 2 years after childbirth. In Study 2, 140 women who reported high levels of fear of childbirth filled out identical measures during early pregnancy, 1 month before childbirth, and 3 months after childbirth. The results showed that an increase in family-related goals during pregnancy and after the birth of the child predicted a decline in women's depressive symptoms. By contrast, an increase in self-focused goals predicted an increase in women's depressive symptoms. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

牛乳体细胞数的检测方法

讨论了体细胞数与乳腺炎的关系以及体细胞数对牛乳成分及产奶量损失的影响。主要介绍了4种常用的体细胞数的检测方法，即加利福尼亚细胞数测定法(CMT)，威斯康辛乳腺炎试验(WMT)，电子体细胞计数法(DHI)和直接镜检法(CMSCC)。     

Short communication: Effectiveness of tools provided by a dairy company on udder health in Dutch dairy farms

A Dutch dairy company initiated a quality system to support dairy farmers to improve sustainability on their farm. Improvement of udder health is defined by the dairy company as one of the sustainability items. A part of that quality system is to offer farmers 3 tools to improve the udder health status of the herd. The first tool is an Udder Health Workshop at which farmers make a farm-specific action plan to improve the udder health situation in their herd. The second tool is the Udder Health Navigator, which is an internet-based program to gain insight in the actual udder health situation at the farm. The third tool is the Udder Health Checklist, which is available on the internet and it identifies farm-specific risks for udder health problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of these tools in improving udder health. The bulk milk somatic cell count (BMSCC) was used as the measure of herd udder health performance. In total, 605 farms attended the Udder Health Workshop, 988 farms completed the Udder Health Navigator, and 1,855 farms completed the Udder Health Checklist in 2012. Information on BMSCC records (2 records per month) was available for 12,782 Dutch dairy farms during the years 2011 and 2012. For every farm, the average BMSCC of all months during the years 2012 and 2011 were calculated. This resulted in 306,768 average monthly observations of the BMSCC. Subsequently, all months after the completion of one of the tools were assigned a 1, and all other months were assigned a 0. A statistical analysis was carried out to compare the average monthly BMSCC of the farms that completed one or more tools with farms that did not complete one of the tools. Both completing the Udder Health Navigator and the Udder Health Checklist had a significant association with a lower average monthly BMSCC. The effect of the Udder Health Navigator and Udder Health Checklist on the BMSCC were greater in herds with a BMSCC in 2011 of 200,000 to 250,000 cells/mL and even greater for herds with a BMSCC above 250,000 cells/mL compared with herds with a BMSCC in 2011 of 150,000 to 200,000 cells/mL or less than 150,000 cells/mL. It is difficult to draw conclusions on the effect of the Udder Health Workshop due to overlap in participation between the tools. The results suggest that completing the web tools is associated with a reduction in the BMSCC of the herd.     

Microbiological quality and somatic cell count in bulk milk of dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius): Descriptive statistics,correlations, and factors of variation

The objectives of the present study were to monitor the microbiological quality and somatic cell count (SCC) of bulk tank milk at the world’s first large-scale camel dairy farm for a 2-yr period, to compare the results of 2 methods for the enumeration of SCC, to evaluate correlation among milk quality indicators, and to determine the effect of specific factors (year, season, stage of lactation, and level of production) on milk quality indicators. The study was conducted from January 2008 to January 2010. Total viable count (TVC), coliform count (CC), California Mastitis Test (CMT) score, and SCC were determined from daily bulk milk samples. Somatic cell count was measured by using a direct microscopic method and with an automatic cell counter. In addition, production parameters [total daily milk production (TDM, kg), number of milking camels (NMC), average milk per camel (AMC, kg)] and stage of lactation (average postpartum days, PPD) were recorded for each test day. A strong correlation (r = 0.33) was found between the 2 methods for SCC enumeration; however, values derived using the microscopic method were higher. The geometric means of SCC and TVC were 394 × 10³ cells/mL and 5,157 cfu/mL during the observation period, respectively. Somatic cell count was >500 × 10³ cells/mL on 14.6% (106/725) and TVC was >10 × 10³ cfu/mL on 4.0% (30/742) of the test days. Both milk quality indicators had a distinct seasonal pattern. For log SCC, the mean was lowest in summer and highest in autumn. The seasonal pattern of log TVC was slightly different, with the lowest values being recorded during the spring. The monthly mean TVC pattern showed a clear difference between years. Coliform count was <10 cfu/mL in most of the samples (709/742, 95.6%). A positive correlation was found between log SCC and log TVC (r = 0.32), between log SCC and CMT score (r = 0.26), and between log TVC and CC in yr 1 (r = 0.30). All production parameters and stage of lactation showed strong seasonal variation. Log SCC was negatively correlated with TDM (r = −0.35), AMC (r = −0.37), and NMC (r = −0.15) and positively correlated with PPD (r = 0.40). Log TVC had a negative correlation with AMC (r = −0.40) but a positive correlation with NMC (r = 0.32), TDM (r = 0.16), and PPD (r = 0.45). The linear mixed model with stepwise variable selection showed that the main sources of log SCC variation were PPD, TDM, PPD × season, and season. For log TVC, the same factors and year contributed to the variation.