Novel Systemic Treatment Modalities Including Immunotherapy and Molecular Targeted Therapy for Recurrent and Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are the sixth most common cancers worldwide. More than half of patients with HNSCC eventually experience disease recurrence and/or metastasis, which can threaten their long-term survival. HNSCCs located in the oral cavity and larynx are usually associated with tobacco and/or alcohol use, whereas human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, particularly HPV16 infection, is increasingly recognized as a cause of oropharyngeal HNSCC. Despite clinical, histologic, and molecular differences between HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCCs, current treatment approaches are the same. For recurrent disease, these strategies include chemotherapy, immunotherapy with PD-1-inhibitors, or a monoclonal antibody, cetuximab, that targets epidermal growth factor; these therapies can be administered either as single agents or in combination. However, these treatment strategies carry a high risk of toxic side effects; therefore, more effective and less toxic treatments are needed. The landscape of HNSCC therapy is changing significantly; numerous clinical trials are underway to test novel therapeutic options like adaptive cellular therapy, antibody-drug conjugates, new targeted therapy agents, novel immunotherapy combinations, and therapeutic vaccines. This review helps in understanding the various developments in HNSCC therapy and sheds light on the path ahead in terms of further research in this field.     

A Quantitative Genetic Study of Sclerotinia Head Rot Resistance Introgressed from the Wild Perennial Helianthus maximiliani into Cultivated Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Sclerotinia head rot (HR), caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is an economically important disease of sunflower with known detrimental effects on yield and quality in humid climates worldwide. The objective of this study was to gain insight into the genetic architecture of HR resistance from a sunflower line HR21 harboring HR resistance introgressed from the wild perennial Helianthus maximiliani. An F₂ population derived from the cross of HA 234 (susceptible-line)/HR21 (resistant-line) was evaluated for HR resistance at two locations during 2019–2020. Highly significant genetic variations (p < 0.001) were observed for HR disease incidence (DI) and disease severity (DS) in both individual and combined analyses. Broad sense heritability (H²) estimates across environments for DI and DS were 0.51 and 0.62, respectively. A high-density genetic map of 1420.287 cM was constructed with 6315 SNP/InDel markers developed using genotype-by-sequencing technology. A total of 16 genomic regions on eight sunflower chromosomes, 1, 2, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16 and 17 were associated with HR resistance, each explaining between 3.97 to 16.67% of the phenotypic variance for HR resistance. Eleven of these QTL had resistance alleles from the HR21 parent. Molecular markers flanking the QTL will facilitate marker-assisted selection breeding for HR resistance in sunflower.     

管道水力摩阻系数的敏感性分析

管道水力摩阻系数的合理取值是输水工程经济、高效运行的关键,尤其是当前广泛采用的大口径输水管道。然而受内壁粗糙度、管径D、流速V、水温T等诸多因素的影响,水力摩阻系数取值存在较大的不确定性。本文对常用摩阻系数进行了系统的敏感性分析,研究表明:同种管材的海森-威廉系数Ch和曼宁糙率系数n均随管径D增大而增大,并且曼宁糙率n的相对增幅远大于海森-威廉系数Ch,当前设计中忽略管径D对曼宁糙率n的影响是造成部分工程水头损失计算误差较大的原因之一。海森-威廉公式对不同管径的适应性优于谢才-曼宁公式,工程设计如采用谢才-曼宁公式,需考虑管径和流速对曼宁糙率n的影响。上述成果可为管道输水工程的设计、运行和管理提供参考。     

封头整体冲压可行性的模型实验分析

本文在分析封头整体冲压的应力和应变后,得出用塑性理论求解冲压问题困难。文章提出用模型实验分析可行性,并由相似理论获得模化条件。     

连续管注入头夹持块结构优化研究

注入头是连续管装备中控制连续管上提和下注的主要装置,而夹持块是注入头与连续管直接接触的关键部件,结构合理的夹持块不仅能满足注入头作业质量要求,而且对连续管的伤害也较小。以夹持块和连续管的接触模型为研究对象,探索夹持块结构参数与连续管应力和变形之间的变化规律。研究结果表明,夹持块采用圆弧形结构可减轻对连续管的伤害,圆弧形夹持块的组合式设计可缩短其更换而造成的停工时间;当夹持块圆周包角在160°～175°、内径在88.75～88.90 mm范围内取值时,连续管的应力和变形情况均较好,夹持块的夹持能力也较强,能够收到较好的优化效果。     

卡箍型快开盲板头盖的可靠性设计

针对快开盲板头盖常规性设计中不能反映载荷波动的缺点,利用可靠性的分析方法,考虑工作压力和材料屈服强度的不确定性因素,分析随机参数的分布特征,应用Monte Carlo数值计算方法对其进行模拟实际操作工况抽样,结合有限元应力分析求出的危险截面的应力值,进行强度校核。最终得出盲板头盖可靠度在99%以上时,最大工作压力范围为5.5~6.1MPa。同常规设计相比最大工作压力值有较大的提高,证明这种概率性设计方法是客观有效的。     

弯道低水头拦河闸闸孔分流比试验研究

通过理论分析,结合模型试验,对处于弯道上的低水头拦河闸闸前的水流特性、闸孔的分流比及其影响因素进行了研究,探讨了闸孔分流比的计算方法。结果表明,由于枢纽对闸前水流的影响,使得闸前弯道水面横比降、纵比降显著减小,纵向垂线平均流速横向分布趋于均匀化。河槽总流量和枢纽轴线与弯道进口断面的夹角对闸孔分流比的影响较小。靠近凸岸的边孔泄流能力较弱,其余各闸孔分流较均匀。闸孔分流比的计算结果较为满意。这些对于保证闸址选择、水闸设计的经济性、安全性具有很重要的意义。     

Adams仿真在键合头柔性设计中的应用

利用adams软件对所设计的键合头Z向运动进行了动态仿真,得到设计中弹簧预紧力的大小,是键合头二零件间发生震荡与否的关键因素,并且存在一临界值,大于其值不会发生震荡,小于则会发生。弹簧刚度的大小只影响振动时的振幅,对于没有振动出现的情况无影响。     

头盔显示器光学检测系统

为了对头盔显示器的目视系统做出整体性的评价,提出了一种简单可行的头盔显示器检测方法,设计了用于检测的光学系统。根据头盔显示器与检测系统光瞳匹配的需求,在设计中采用目镜结构的成像镜头,通过一片树脂非球面镜片实现了镜头的无畸变成像。检测系统的视场角为50°,入瞳大小为4mm,畸变量<0.1%,在-4D～3D头盔目镜测试条件下都能保持很高的成像质量,可以满足不同屈光度下头盔显示器目视系统的测试需要。     

面向头肩序列图像的质量可精细扩展视频编码方法

FGS编码方法具有细粒度的可扩展能力,能很好地适应网络带宽的动态变化,被认为是一种适合于网络视频传输的编码方案.但现有的MPEG-4 FGS编码标准效率低,限制了其进一步的推广应用.因此,本文面向视频应用中常见的头肩序列图像,实现了一种质量可精细扩展的视频编码方法.该方法采用H.26L对基本层进行编码,采用基于DCT变换的SPIHT方法对原始图像与基本层重建图像之间的残差进行编码得到增强层的码流.然后将复杂背景下的人脸检测与跟踪技术与选择性增强技术结合起来,对人脸区域优先编码.实验结果表明,该方法不仅编码效率高于现有的MPEG-4 FGS标准,码流具有可精细扩展的特性,还可以选择性地提高人脸区域重建图像的主观感受水平.