2015欧洲粉末冶金大会的金属增材制造:高温合金、粉末雾化、喷墨和激光金属沉积工艺的进展

2015欧洲粉末冶金会议于2015年10月4—7日在法国兰斯(Reims)举行。本届大会报告的第二部分是关于金属增材制造的进展,David博士就会议中有关金属增材制造的6篇论文作了报告。这些论文涵盖了IN939高温合金制件的热处理、Ni718高温合金粉末的生产、喷墨金属增材制造和激光金属沉积(LMD)生产齿轮的进展。     

预变形对FGH97粉末高温合金热处理组织的影响

FGH97粉末高温合金制品在生产加工过程中由于操作不当会出现局部表面凹坑,对存在该缺陷的合金制品进行检测分析,发现受外力影响的区域经热处理后晶粒异常粗大;采用热模拟实验验证了局部变形对FGH97合金热处理组织的影响。结果表明:FGH97合金在受外力作用后的合金变形量达到临界变形量时,热处理过程中会发生晶粒异常长大,造成组织不均匀,进而影响合金的性能与应用。合金在制备过程应严格遵守操作规程,避免局部发生变形。     

基体厚度对PtAl涂层与镍基单晶高温合金互扩散行为的影响

采用电镀Pt气相渗铝的方法,在不同厚度(0.8,1.0和1.3 mm)的镍基单晶高温合金基体表面制备了单相的β-(Ni,Pt)Al涂层.利用SEM/EDS及EPMA等表征方法,研究试样在1100℃热暴露200 h过程中涂层/基体界面的微观结构演变和各组元的元素分布.结果表明:不同基体厚度的PtAl涂层/镍基单晶高温合金试样在1100℃热暴露200 h后截面微观形貌无明显差异,热暴露36 h后在互扩散区下方均形成了分布有TCP相的二次反应区,热暴露200 h后基体厚度为0.8,1.0和1.3 mm的试样中SRZ厚度分别为37,35和34μm;不同基体厚度的PtAl涂层/镍基单晶高温合金试样,在1100℃热暴露200 h后成分分布无明显差异,涂层与基体间主要发生Ni,Co,Cr和Ru的外扩散及Pt和Al的内扩散.     

热暴露对表面预形变单晶合金组织和性能的影响

针对[001]取向的DD11单晶合金,在垂直于[001]方向进行2种强度的铸钢弹丸喷丸强化以引入表面预形变,采用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)、扫描电镜和硬度测试等方法研究了预形变后表层组织;后续不同温度热暴露完成后,采用扫描电镜和硬度计,研究了热暴露温度和预形变程度对表层组织和硬度梯度的共同影响;并且表征了喷丸+热暴露后单晶合金的高温疲劳性能。结果表明,单晶合金喷丸预形变后表面出现[110]和[111]取向的亚晶,同时出现表面应变硬化效果;随着形变程度的增大,亚晶取向角、旋转亚晶层深度和硬化效果也随之增大。随着热暴露温度升高,预形变表面形变组织呈现球化-零星不连续胞状组织-连续胞状组织-再结晶的动态回复过程,硬化效果也随之松弛;形变程度越大,开始出现动态回复过程的温度越低,但喷丸+1060℃/2 h热暴露并未观察到再结晶。相比磨削状态,喷丸+热暴露后,1060℃轴向疲劳寿命有所提高。1060℃/350 MPa/R=–1/轴向疲劳源呈现内部萌生为主源,表面为次源的状态。     

Microstructural Feature and Evolution of Rapidly Solidified Ni_3Al-Based Superalloys

The Ni_3Al-based superalloy was rapidly solidified in the form of droplets with varying diameters. The cooling rate(R_c) is a function of diameter(D) of droplet. With the decrease in droplet sizes(increase in the cooling rates), the volume fraction of γ'+γ eutectic structure increases from 21.31(D = 1400 lm, Rc= 3.6 9 10~2 K s~(-1)) to 36.31%(D = 270 lm, R_(c-)= 2.3 9 10~3 K s~(-1)). Moreover, unimodal size distribution of nano-γ' exists in the droplets instead of bimodal dual-size distributions of γ precipitates that are normal in as-cast alloys.     

含钨高温合金钨夹杂成因的研究

研究了含钨高温合金棒材中钨夹杂的形貌、来源及形成原因。研究结果表明,含钨高温合金棒材中钨夹杂的来源是用于合金电极棒焊接的钨电极。氩弧焊钨电极的消耗是钨夹杂形成的原因;结构不合理的等离子弧焊枪导致等离子焊机设备没有形成真正意义的等离子弧,加热能力下降,如果使用的焊接电流越大,熔化的可能性越大,合金出现钨夹杂的几率也越大。     

FGH95粉末镍基合金组织结构对蠕变机制的影响

通过对热等静压态FGH95合金进行完全热处理、组织形貌观察、点阵常数测定和蠕变曲线测定,研究了FGH95镍基合金的组织结构和蠕变机制.结果表明:合金经热等静压成型后,粗大γ′相沿原始颗粒边界不连续分布,经高温固溶和时效处理后,晶粒尺寸无明显变化,粗大γ′相数量减少,且细小γ′相和MC碳化物在合金中弥散析出,可提高合金蠕变抗力,同时由于γ′相形成元素A1、Ti溶入基体,经XRD谱线测定,γ′相的平均点阵常数减小,而γ体相平均点阵常数增加,致使γ/γ′两相晶格错配度减小;在实验温度和应力范围内,测得合金的蠕变激活能为630.4 kJ/mol.在蠕变期间,FGH95合金的蠕变机制是位错在基体中运动或剪切γ′相,其中,蠕变位错以Orowan机制绕过γ′相,而＜110＞超位错切过y′相发生分解形成(1/3)＜112＞超肖可莱不全位错+层错的位错组态.     

Ru含量对镍基高温合金抗热腐蚀性能的影响

采用沉浸法研究了不同Ru含量镍基高温合金的热腐蚀过程。采用扫描电镜观察了合金腐蚀层表面形貌,并利用电子探针观察腐蚀层横截面元素分布。结果表明,随着Ru含量增加,Al的氧化物层逐渐变得连续、致密。经相同时间腐蚀后,随着Ru含量的增加,表层腐蚀产物脱落程度逐渐变轻,合金的腐蚀增重速率逐渐降低。在本试验条件下,合金中加入3%的Ru就可以显著提高其热腐蚀抗力。     

Thermal degradation of alloy CCA617 in pure steam at 750 and 850°C

Oxidation and oxidation-induced microstructure evolution of CCA617 alloy was studied in pure steam at 750 and 850°C. Results showed that the alloy was oxidised approximately following a parabolic law. Temperature increase greatly promoted the external and internal oxidation. A single (Cr, Mn)₂O₃ layer with distribution of minor TiO₂ and MnCr₂O₄ formed at 750°C whereas a duplex oxide scale formed at 850°C consisting of a thin MnTiO₃ outer layer and a thicker (Cr, Mn)₂O₃ inner layer. TiO₂ and Al₂O₃ were formed internally especially along grain boundaries. Intragranular Mo-rich M₂₃C₆ type carbides were also observed. The carbides dissolved into the matrix as oxidation progressed. Based on detailed compositional and microstructural characterisation of the oxidised alloy, the mechanisms of external and internal oxidation as well as dissolution of the intragranular carbides are presented.     

Tool life and surface integrity when milling inconel 718 with coated cemented carbide tools

Abstract

This paper presents a study of tool life and surface integrity while machining superalloy Inconel 718 using coated cemented carbide tools. In the machining of heat resistant superalloys used in aeronautical applications and classified as difficult‐to‐machine, tool life is an important parameter in evaluating the performance of the cutting tools. Surface quality of the workpiece is one of the important criteria in determining tool life. Our tests have been done under various combinations of speed, feed rate, and depth of cut to verify the change in surface roughness due to increasing tool wear. The behavior of the uncoated, TiN, and TiCN layers using various cutting conditions was analyzed. At the end, a choice of coating and optimization of the cutting conditions has been proposed.