有限元数值试井解释技术在复杂断块油气藏评价中的应用

有限元数值模拟试井技术,可通过描述不同网格的瞬变压力对测试范围内各个小单元进行精细描述.综合运用解析试井、数值试井联带分析方法,将测试动态成果与地质静态成果有机结合、相互补充,可实现对复杂断块油气藏的精细描述,达到一口井搞清一个小型复杂断块油气藏的目的.     

Stress State of Bent Buried Pipelines

The authors consider edge effects in buried pipelines that occur in the region of joining of a straight buried pipe and a bent insert (factory bend, elbow, or an elastically bent segment). The action of those effects results in the appearance of additional bending moments, which are proportional to the difference between the axial force in an infinite straight pipeline and that in a closed-end pipe, and depend on the geometrical parameters of the pipeline and physical-mechanical characteristics of the soil. Specific examples of analysis of elastic interaction of a pipeline with the soil for pipe bends with various radii of the bend arc are offered. It is shown that additional bending stresses may exceed appreciably the stresses from the axial force, and therefore, they should be taken into account when designing and building pipelines. The solution for an elastically bent segment has been obtained and analyzed.     

浅谈水闸安全检测

通过对华东沿海地区80年代以前修建的一些在役水闸工程的系统安全检测和分析,发现了水闸工程存在的安全隐患,同时也了解水闸工程尚有的潜在能力。提醒水闸管理部门,在役水闸满足目前社会发展需要的同时,还必须高度重视水闸的安全生产运行和管理。水闸安全检测就是利用先进的检测手段,为业主及时、高效、经济和高质量地解决水闸工程存在的实际问题。     

基于LabWindows/CVI的某型飞机FBW飞行试验台设计与实现

主要阐述了某型飞机EBW飞行试验台的LabWindows／CVI实现。在分析EBW组成及信号交联关系的基础上，设计了PCI总线结构的系统硬件；提出了测试库与测试引擎相结合的编程方法，并着重阐述了测试引擎的实现方法。     

W‐band physical layer design issues in the context of the DAVID–DCE experiment

This paper aims at focusing on the aspects concerning the physical layer design for an innovative satellite communication experiment. Such an experiment, denoted by the acronym DAVID–DCE (Data and Video Interactive Distribution—Data Collection Experiment) is based on the exploitation of the W‐band (75–110 GHz) for high‐bit‐rate satellite transmission. The potential advantages of using of the W‐band are mainly related to the great bandwidth availability, and to the absence of interference. Moreover, an expected result of the experiment is a substantive improvement in the communication system's performances in the presence of meteorological phenomena (e.g. rain) as compared with the more conventional Ka‐band satellite transmission. On the other hand, problems to be faced concern the non‐ideal behaviours of hardware devices employed for high‐frequency digital transmission. In particular, carrier recovery and timing recovery are the most crucial signal‐processing tasks to be carefully considered in the design of the physical level of the system, because they considerably suffer from hardware impairments. The purpose of this work is to illustrate the proposed solutions in terms of the most critical modulation, demodulation and synchronization design issues, together with the effects of non‐ideal behaviours of hardware components on BER performances. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

银铜复合电触点复合强度检测方法的讨论

贵金属及其合金铆钉型复合电触点除了应考核其冷态复合强度之外，还必须增加在热态下复合强度的考核，只有这样才能满足用户在产际运行时对复合触点复合强度的要求。     

移动探针测试技术的运用及测试结果剖析

主要讨论印刷电路板(PCB)移动探针测试中软件及检测中遇到特殊情况的处理,并对造成通短路现象的原因进行了分析,以达到保证PCB产品质量的目的。     

考虑弯道环流影响的平面二维水流泥沙数学模型

弯道环流是影响断面流速和含沙量分布的重要因素。本文提出了通过求解立面二维弯道环流运动的方法,在平面二维水流泥沙数学模型中考虑弯道环流的作用。该方法适用范围广,增加计算工作量不太大。     

Encapsulation of PV modules using ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer as a pottant: A critical review

The primary purpose of this work is to review the literature about what is and is not known about using ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA0 copolymer as the encapsulant (or pottant) material in photovoltaic (PV) modules. Secondary purposes include elucidating the complexity of the encapsulation problem, providing an overview about encapsulation of PV cells and modules, providing a historical overview of the relevant research and development on EVA, summarizing performance losses reported for PV systems deployed since ca. 1981, and summarizing the general problems of polymer stability in a solar environment. We also provide a critical review of aspects of reported work for cases that we believe are important.Failure modes resolved in the early work to establish reliability of deployed modules and the purposes and properties of pottants, are summarized. Typical performance losses in large field-deployed, large-scale systems ranging from 1% to 10% per year are given quantitatively, and qualitative reports of EVA discoloration are summarized with respect to ultraviolet (UV), world-wide location and site dependence.The general stability of polymers and their desirable bulk properties for solar utilization are given. The stabilization formulation for EVA, its effectiveness, and changes in it during degradation are discussed. The degradation mechanisms for the base resin, e.g., unstabilized Elvax 150^TM, and stabilized EVA are indicated for literature dating to the early 1950s, and the role played by unsaturated chromophores is indicated. The limited number of studies relating discoloration and PV cell efficiency are summarized.Observed degradation of EVA or the unstabilized base resin in the laboratory and examples used to measure the degradation are summarized in sections entitled: (1) thermally-induced degradation; (2) photodegradation and photothermal degradation of EVA in different temperature regimes; (3) photobleaching and photodegradation of the UV absorber and cross-linking agent; (4) acetic acid and metal and metal-oxide catalyzed oxidative degradation; and (5) discolaration and PV cell efficiency losses.Processing effects/influences on EVA stability are discussed in sections entitled: (1) EVA raw materials and extruded, uncured films; (2) thermal encapsulation processes; (3) effects of lamination, curing, and curing peroxide on gel content and chromophores formed; and (4) incomplete shielding of curing-generated chromophores. A summary is given for the limited number of accelerated lifetime testing efforts and examples of erroneous service lifetime predictions for EVA are discussed. The known factors that effect the discoloration rate of several EVA formulations are discussed in which the reduction in rate by using UV-absorbing superstrates is a prime example. A summary is given of what is and is not known about EVA degradation mechanisms, degradation from exposures in field-deployed modeules and/or laboratory testing, and factors that contribute to EVA stability or degradation. Finally, conclusions about using Elvax 150 in EVA formulations are summarized, and future prospects for developing the next-generation pottant for encapsulating PV modules are discussed.     

Early detection of ageing in solder joints through laser probe thermal analysis of the peltier effect

We have recently developed an optical contactless method for testing the quality of solder joints during accelerated thermal cycling ageing processes.¹ The method was based upon the measurement of the dynamic thermal behaviour of the joint to short bursts of Joule heating. It has proved to be efficient in revealing the formation of cracks at the lead-solder interface. We present a method to evaluate ageing at a much earlier stage in the cycling process. We have observed in earlier work,¹ that before cracks appear, structural changes occur in the solder at the lead-solder interface. The thermal response of the solder joint is recorded over time to a Peltier heat perturbation produced by flowing a current pulse through the interface where structural changes occur. The key point in this method is to discriminate the Peltier effect from the Joule thermal response because both effects generate heat. The variation of the early Peltier response in the thermal cycling ageing tests is seen as a quantitative signature of the structural changes in the lead-solder interface.