Cell Cycle Regulation of Hippocampal Progenitor Cells in Experimental Models of Depression and after Treatment with Fluoxetine

Changes in adult hippocampal cell proliferation and genesis have been largely implicated in depression and antidepressant action, though surprisingly, the underlying cell cycle mechanisms are largely undisclosed. Using both an in vivo unpredictable chronic mild stress (uCMS) rat model of depression and in vitro rat hippocampal-derived neurosphere culture approaches, we aimed to unravel the cell cycle mechanisms regulating hippocampal cell proliferation and genesis in depression and after antidepressant treatment. We show that the hippocampal dentate gyrus (hDG) of uCMS animals have less proliferating cells and a decreased proportion of cells in the G2/M phase, suggesting a G1 phase arrest; this is accompanied by decreased levels of cyclin D1, E, and A expression. Chronic fluoxetine treatment reversed the G1 phase arrest and promoted an up-regulation of cyclin E. In vitro, dexamethasone (DEX) decreased cell proliferation, whereas the administration of serotonin (5-HT) reversed it. DEX also induced a G1-phase arrest and decreased cyclin D1 and D2 expression levels while increasing p27. Additionally, 5-HT treatment could partly reverse the G1-phase arrest and restored cyclin D1 expression. We suggest that the anti-proliferative actions of chronic stress in the hDG result from a glucocorticoid-mediated G1-phase arrest in the progenitor cells that is partly mediated by decreased cyclin D1 expression which may be overcome by antidepressant treatment.     

稀有三环核苷衍生物的光谱学研究

利用时间分辨激光光解技术对稀有三环核苷的前体化合物N - 4-desmethylwyosine(dYt)研究发现 ,该化合物能被 2 4 8nm激光单光子电离 ,但未观察到明显的激发三线态。用氧化性自由基SO4 · - 引发其阳离子自由基 ,揭示了其光电离机理。以KI溶液为参照 ,测得该化合物中性条件下的光电离量子产额 (Φe- )为 0 .0 4。     

新型速效抗抑郁药的研究进展

抗抑郁药主要用于治疗以情绪抑郁为突出症状的精神性疾病。传统的抗抑郁药主要是以单胺类神经递质为靶点，但该类药物显效慢无法满足临床治疗需求。因此，目前临床上治疗抑郁症的方法已经从传统的单胺假说转到谷氨酸能、γ-氨基丁酸、阿片类药物和炎症系统等研究领域。近年来，新型抗抑郁药物的开发取得了很大进展，其中一些药物已逐渐应用于临床。本文汇总了新型抗抑郁药物的研究机制及治疗方案，并对常见的速效抗抑郁药物进行了简单的综述。     

准噶尔盆地西北缘玛北油田油源分析

准噶尔盆地玛北油田原油三环二萜烷C20,C21和C23的分布型式（上升型,山峰型,下降型和山谷型）与Pr/Ph,碳同位素,Ts/Tm,成熟度等存在良好关系。不同分布型式的原油在空间上具有上升型分布于油藏高部位,下降型分布于低部位的特点。表征三环二萜烷分布型式的C20／C23与试油获得的原油产量存在正相关,与原油密度存在负相关。综合分析得出,油气成藏顺序是上升型原油在先,下降型原油在后,山谷型原油是上升和下降型原油混合的结果,上升型分布原油主要是下二叠统风城组烃源岩的贡献,下降型分布原油主要是下二叠统佳木河组烃源岩的贡献。     

Examining the use of tramadol hydrochloride as an antidepressant.

Tramadol (Ultram, Ultracet) is a centrally acting synthetic opioid with analgesic efficacy comparable to codeine. Antinociception is attributed to low but effective affinity for the mu-opioid receptor (μ), as well as reuptake inhibition of the monoamines norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5HT). Dual action antidepressants mirtazapine (Remeron), duloxetine (Cymbalta), and most notably venlafaxine (Effexor), which tramadol is closely related to in structure, also inhibit NE and 5HT reuptake. These medications are proven effective antidepressants and this shared monoaminergic action resulted in the research of tramadol as a potential treatment for depression. The present article intends to substantiate the use of tramadol in this manner by analyzing several decades of research which is presented as an illustration of neuronal theories, as well as lab work and case studies of both the supporting ideas and potential hazards. Finally, the article promotes the benefits of acute action in comparison to modern antidepressants and the documentation of low abuse rates while maintaining an object view of the risks, most notably, the risk for addiction from agonist action on μ-receptors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Structural Exploration of (3S,6S)‐6‐Benzhydryl‐N‐benzyltetrahydro‐2H‐pyran‐3‐amine Analogues: Identification of Potent Triple Monoamine Reuptake Inhibitors as Potential Antidepressants

To further explore the basic structural motifs (3S,6S)‐6‐benzhydryl‐N‐benzyltetrahydro‐2H‐pyran‐3‐amine and (2S,4R,5R)‐2‐benzhydryl‐5‐(benzylamino)tetrahydro‐2H‐pyran‐4‐ol, developed by our research group, for monoamine transport inhibition, we designed and synthesized various structurally altered analogues. The new compounds were tested for their affinities for the dopamine transporter (DAT), the serotonin transporter (SERT), and the norepinephrine transporter (NET) in rat brain by measuring their capacity to inhibit the uptake of [³H]DA, [³H]5‐HT, and [³H]NE, respectively. Our results point to novel compounds with a TUI, DNRI, SNRI, or SSRI profile. Among the TUIs, compound 2 g exhibited a balanced potency for all three monoamine transporters (K_i: 60, 79, and 70.3 nM for DAT, SERT, and NET, respectively). In the rat forced swim test, compound 2 g produced a significant decrease in immobility in drug‐treated rats relative to vehicle, indicating a potential antidepressant property.     

Pharmacologic treatment of personality disorder.

This article reviews the recent literature on pharmacologic treatment of personality disorders, discusses the existing models that pharmacotherapy of these disorders, and reviews specific classes of medication that appear to play a beneficial role. Antipsychotics, mood stabilizers. antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and opioid antagonists are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Review of Handbook of clinical psychopharmacology for therapists.

Reviews the book, Handbook of clinical psychopharmacology for therapists by J. Preston, J. H. O'Neal, and M. C. Talaga (1994). This text is an extremely well-written, carefully organized, and practical volume that is entirely suitable for its stated purpose. The authors comment in their Introduction that their book is "intended primarily for mental health professionals and those in graduate training in psychology, social work, and counseling (p. 3)." The Handbook is organized around the DSM-IV and the attendant conception of mental disorders as having either an explicit or implicit biological basis. The authors do a sound job of specifying typical treatment regimens among the psychotropics, and they also cover the many marginal clinical circumstances which justify moving away from conventional treatment plans. The text is especially strong in addressing some augmentation strategies for treatment refractory mood disorders, the newer or "atypical" anti-psychotics, and utilization of the very flexible and utilitarian Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors (SSRI's), such as fluoxetine (Prozac). This volume is especially recommended to two groups of users. The first are graduate-level instructors who are seeking a broad-based, informative, and practical text to introduce students to the burgeoning field of psychopharmacology. The second group of utilizers should be practicing clinicians, who need either to review or to update basic concepts in psychopharmacology as they interface with patients on a daily basis. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

5-HT Receptors and the Development of New Antidepressants

Serotonin modulates several physiological and cognitive pathways throughout the human body that affect emotions, memory, sleep, and thermal regulation. The complex nature of the serotonergic system and interactions with other neurochemical systems indicate that the development of depression may be mediated by various pathomechanisms, the common denominator of which is undoubtedly the disturbed transmission in central 5-HT synapses. Therefore, the deliberate pharmacological modulation of serotonergic transmission in the brain seems to be one of the most appropriate strategies for the search for new antidepressants. As discussed in this review, the serotonergic system offers great potential for the development of new antidepressant therapies based on the combination of SERT inhibition with different pharmacological activity towards the 5-HT system. The aim of this article is to summarize the search for new antidepressants in recent years, focusing primarily on the possibility of benefiting from interactions with various 5-HT receptors in the pharmacotherapy of depression.     

Geochemical characteristics of organic matter from Rudeis and Kareem source rocks,Ras Budran oilfield,central Gulf of Suez,Egypt

The organic matters of Rudeis and Kareem formation from Ras Budran oilfield in the central Gulf of Suez, Egypt, were investigated throughout the study of biomarkers and infrared spectrometric analyses. The results showed that Pr/Ph, Pr/n-C₁₇, and Ph/n-C₁₈ ratios indicated marine source organic matters deposited under reduced condition with a less effect of biodegradation and mature stage of occurrence. The gammacerane index indicated a low-salinity environment of deposition for the initial organic matters existed in the analyzed samples. Steranes distributions show high percentage of C₂₈ steranes and C₂₉ steranes compared with C₂₇ steranes, and low-concentration C₂₇ diasteranes show generally low ratios indicating anoxic carbonate source rocks. The diasteranes/steranes showed generally low ratios indicating most marine carbonate sources. The tricyclic terpane reflects mature organic matters and originated from marine organic sources.