Effect of Thermal Stability of Alkanolamide on Oil/Water Interfacial Tensions

In order to investigate the effect of thermal stability of alkanolamide on oil/water interfacial tensions (IFT), lauric diethanolamide (LDEA) was synthesized. The effects of temperature and standing time on the composition and oil/water IFT was studied in detail. The results showed that the changes in composition and oil/water IFT at the same conditions were essentially in agreement. The best standing temperature range was from 30 to 60 °C with a standing time of more than 10 days. The inherent cause of thermal stability on oil/water IFT was revealed through structure characterization and composition analysis with FTIR spectrometry and GC–MS spectrometry. It was found that the composition's change of mixed LDEA systems disturbed the hydrophilic‐lipophilic balance, which influenced the ability to reduce the interfacial tension.     

Spontaneous Imbibition Experiments of Enhanced Oil Recovery with Surfactants and Complex Nano-Fluids

Two types of porous media were analyzed with the intention of exploring alternative enhanced oil recovery methods. Core samples were taken from the Tensleep Formation of the Black Mountain Field in Hot Springs County, WY. The lithology is mainly sandstone and dolomite. The measured effective porosity values ranged from 13.0 to 18.0%, and permeabilities from 19 to 68 md. Production from the Tensleep and Phosphoria formations using conventional methods has resulted in a low secondary recovery factor, possibly due to high capillary forces and an oil-wet formation. Different surfactants were investigated to determine the viability of a possible enhanced oil recovery process using a spontaneous imbibition process in Amott cells. A very high enhanced recovery factor of more than 89% was achieved using a complex nano-fluid that consists of a mixture of surfactant, solvent, co-solvent and water. These recovery factors compared with 13% by brine imbibition and up to 21% using commercial surfactants. At the other end of the scale, very high porosity volcanic pumice was also subjected to the same tests. For this rock the porosity values ranged from 65 to 90% and permeabilities were 2.0–2.7 d. Secondary recovery showed values up to 81% on spontaneous imbibition and up to 91% when surfactants were employed. These experimental results indicate that pumice has favorable reservoir characteristics, but, due to its weak brittle nature, it would not be expected that it could withstand the overburden stress at any significant depth. However, it does represent a useful laboratory specimen.     

How to Attain Ultralow Interfacial Tension and Three-Phase Behavior with Surfactant Formulation for Enhanced Oil Recovery: A Review. Part 4: Robustness of the Optimum Formulation Zone Through the Insensibility to Some Variables and the Occurrence of Complex Artifacts

In enhanced oil recovery, not only the low-tension performance, but also the robustness at optimum formulation is an important issue. The fourth part of our review series is dedicated to robustness, defined as the width of the zone exhibiting three-phase behavior around the optimum formulation, whatever the scanned variable. It is first corroborated from a screening of the available data in the literature that the tension minimum is inversely proportional to the square of the three-phase range in the HLD scale. However, since there is still an inaccuracy of about a factor 10 in the tension minimum, some significant improvement can be attained in some cases by increasing the three-phase behavior width in two ways. The first approach consists of finding systems that are insensitive to some formulation variable such as temperature, surfactant mixture composition or concentration, and water-to-oil ratio. The second way is to produce an artifact through which the optimum formulation is produced twice in a scan. If the distance between the two events in the scan is reduced down to be zero, their corresponding three-phase behavior zones merge and result in a wider WIII region with a low tension. Several cases of such events are reported: alkaline scans, anionic-nonionic and anionic-cationic mixture changes, linear change in composition in three-surfactant mixture, partial precipitation from a surfactant mixture in a salinity scan, and excessive partitioning of polyethoxylated nonionics. More complex transitions with three effects in a single scan or three concomitantly scanned variables show even more possibilities in practice.     

土壤、地下水中重金属和多环芳烃复合污染及修复研究进展

随着人们对环境污染调查研究的不断深入,对其认识也不断加深。目前,仅对某单一污染物的研究已经无法解决日趋复杂的环境污染问题,多种污染物的复合污染得到越来越多的关注。重金属和多环芳烃是环境中常见的污染物,其复合污染的情况在环境中广泛存在,而且二者之间复杂的相互作用,增加了复合污染的修复难度。土壤和地下水是重金属和多环芳烃的主要富集场所,同时也是生物生存的重要依托,一旦被污染将严重威胁人类及其他生物的生存。对重金属和多环芳烃复合污染的来源、分布、迁移、转化及其生态毒性进行了介绍,简要概括了重金属和多环芳烃复合污染之间的相互作用机理及其修复方法,并对重金属和多环芳烃复合污染的进一步研究提出展望。     

有机朗肯循环系统中工质泵的运行性能

为研究车用有机朗肯循环（organic Rankine cycle,ORC）余热回收系统中工质泵的性能及选型,在模拟车用ORC余热回收系统的工作环境下,设计并搭建了以R123作为工质的多级离心泵性能测试实验系统。通过控制多级离心泵转速（870~2900 r·min^-1）、调节工质流量（0.20~5.00 m³·h^-1）,得到了多级离心泵特性曲线。通过分析变工况时多级离心泵关键参数间相互作用关系,及其对车用ORC余热回收系统性能的影响情况,验证了多级离心泵应用于车用ORC余热回收系统的可行性,并确定了其最佳工况点参数。研究结果表明：变工况时,多级离心泵总效率为15.00%~65.70%。车用ORC余热回收系统的蒸发压力、热效率均随着多级离心泵转速的增加而增加。在高转速区,工质流量对系统蒸发压力和多级离心泵输入功率（多级离心泵消耗的电功率）的影响明显增大。随着系统蒸发温度的升高,工质泵实际输入功率占膨胀机输出功率的比例（back work ratio,BWR）最高可达0.45。当多级离心泵转速为2900 r·min^-1时,车用ORC余热回收系统热效率最高可达10.50%。     

酸碱法生产活性氧化锌经济性差异对比分析

通过对4种生产活性氧化锌工艺,即酸法的加纯碱（Na₂CO₃）法和加碳酸氢氨（NH₄HCO₃）法,氨浸法的加热蒸氨让氨挥发法和通入二氧化碳碳化法的差异部分的经济性进行分析,对比发现碱法总体优于酸法,其中以氨浸蒸氨法经济性最佳。酸法不仅存在浸出剂和合成剂消耗成本高,而且酸法生产活性氧化锌会产生大量的废水,废水处理成本高于回收产品的收入,经济性较差。因此推荐用氨浸蒸氨法生产活性氧化锌,不仅经济而且环保。     

电镀污泥的铁氧体化研究

采用酸浸-铁氧体化-毒性浸出分析工艺实现电镀污泥的资源化.对电镀污泥中重金属的硫酸浸出工艺进行了研究,考查了液固比、时间、温度的影响.结果表明:在液固质量比为5∶1,时间为60 min,温度为25℃时,污泥中重金属的浸出率最佳.向重金属浸出液中加入硫酸亚铁,通入空气,控制pH值和温度条件下制备铁氧体材料,结果表明:在pH为9,铁和其他重金属M的摩尔比为8∶1,温度为80℃,时间为120 min的条件下,所得铁氧体结构稳定,滤液中重金属的浓度最低,远低于国家规定的一级排放标准值,可安全排放.对硫酸浸出残渣和铁氧体进行毒性浸出分析,结果均低于TCLP毒性鉴别标准值,已达到无害化,残渣可安全填埋,铁氧体可作为工业产品应用.     

Reducing Dryer Energy Use by Process Integration and Pinch Analysis

ABSTRACT

A systematic classification is presented for methods for reducing energy use and cost in dryers. Opportunities include reducing the inherent evaporation load and dryer heat duty, heat recovery, and more effective use of utility systems, including CHP (combined heat and power) and heat pumping. The technique of pinch analysis provides a powerful method to identify the various opportunities and select the most appropriate one to use. Reductions in energy use bring corresponding benefits in reduced emissions and conservation of natural resources. Some examples are given of successful applications of energy minimization techniques in industry.     

Recovery of Zinc by LIX 984N‐C from Electroplating Rinse Bath Solution

The development of a complete solvent extraction process at the laboratory scale for recovering zinc from the zinc electroplating first rinse bath solution (alkali solution) containing ～1.9 g/L zinc (ZEFRBS) by a solvent extraction route using LIX 984N‐C, which is a new SX reagent developed by Cognis, and dissolved in commercial kerosene was investigated. By using LIX 984N‐C, an electrolyte from ZEFRBS with ～12 g/L zinc content, which was addable to the alkali zinc electroplating bath, was generated by 10 vol.% LIX 984N‐C in commercial kerosene at the O/A ratio of 1/4 and equilibrium pH value of 8.00 ± 0.05 with a two‐stage countercurrent extraction, and stripping of the loaded organic by a strip solution with 150 g/L sulfuric acid and with the O/A ratio of 1.5 at a two‐stage countercurrent stripping process. A new complete flow sheet of 10 vol.% LIX 984N‐C process for the recovery of zinc from ZEFRBS has been demonstrated.