浅谈国内外钒催化剂的质量差异

从化学组分、强度、活性、物相结构、孔容积及孔径分布等方面，对国产S101-2H、S108-1H钒催化剂和进口LP120、LP110钒催化剂进行剖析、对比。结果表明，国产催化剂强度比进口催化剂低30％左右；国产催化剂测定活性与进口催化剂相近，但实际使用活性明显劣于进口催化剂；进口催化剂载体中存在方英石、硫酸铝钾相，而国产催化剂没有；进口催化剂孔径分布较宽，主要孔径分布在0．50～1．50μm，而国产催化剂孔径分布较窄，主要孔径分布在0．060～0．30μm，不利于反应气体在催化剂内部的扩散。鉴此，建议采用高温煅烧载体，降低其有机物含量；优化配方，填加无机粘结剂；改进成型设备等措施，提高催化剂的强度和活性。     

高钒高速钢碳化钒形态的数值化分析

针对碳化钒的不同形态,设计出定量分析软件,并利用形状因子K,实现了高钒高速钢不同碳化物形态数值化处理,当K介于0.785～1.000之间碳化钒形态为团球状;K≤0.223,碳化钒呈开花状.高钒高速钢当碳含量达到4.2%时,K为0.86和当量直径D为0.78μm,碳化物呈团球状均匀分布.     

Phase Separation Derived Core/Shell Structured Cu11V6O26/V2O5 Microspheres: First Synthesis and Excellent Lithium‐Ion Anode Performance with Outstanding Capacity Self‐Restoration

Novel amorphous vanadium oxide coated copper vanadium oxide (Cu₁₁V₆O₂₆/V₂O₅) microspheres with 3D hierarchical architecture have been successfully prepared via a microwave‐assisted solution method and subsequent annealing induced phase separation process. Pure Cu₁₁V₆O₂₆ microspheres without V₂O₅ coating are also obtained by an H₂O₂ solution dissolving treatment. When evaluated as an anode material for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), the as‐synthesized hybrid exhibits large reversible capacity, excellent rate capability, and outstanding capacity self‐recovery. Under the condition of high current density of 1 A g^?1, the 3D hierarchical Cu₁₁V₆O₂₆/V₂O₅ hybrid maintains a reversible capacity of ≈1110 mA h g^?1. Combined electrochemical analysis and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy observation during cycling reveals that the amorphous V₂O₅ coating plays an important role on enhancing the electrochemical performances and capacity self‐recovery, which provides an active amorphous protective layer and abundant grain interfaces for efficient inserting and extracting of Li‐ion. As a result, this new copper vanadium oxide hybrid is proposed as a promising anode material for LIBs.     

Hydrothermal Synthesis of VO2 Polymorphs: Advantages,Challenges and Prospects for the Application of Energy Efficient Smart Windows

Vanadium dioxide (VO₂) is a widely studied inorganic phase change material, which has a reversible phase transition from semiconducting monoclinic to metallic rutile phase at a critical temperature of τ_c ≈ 68 °C. The abrupt decrease of infrared transmittance in the metallic phase makes VO₂ a potential candidate for thermochromic energy efficient windows to cut down building energy consumption. However, there are three long‐standing issues that hindered its application in energy efficient windows: high τ_c, low luminous transmittance (T_lum), and undesirable solar modulation ability (ΔT_sol). Many approaches, including nano‐thermochromism, porous films, biomimetic surface reconstruction, gridded structures, antireflective overcoatings, etc, have been proposed to tackle these issues. The first approach—nano‐thermochromism—which is to integrate VO₂ nanoparticles in a transparent matrix, outperforms the rest; while the thermochromic performance is determined by particle size, stoichiometry, and crystallinity. A hydrothermal method is the most common method to fabricate high‐quality VO₂ nanoparticles, and has its own advantages of large‐scale synthesis and precise phase control of VO₂. This Review focuses on hydrothermal synthesis, physical properties of VO₂ polymorphs, and their transformation to thermochromic VO₂(M), and discusses the advantages, challenges, and prospects of VO₂(M) in energy‐efficient smart windows application.     

钒流电池用磺化聚芴醚酮-聚苯胺原位表面复合质子交换膜的制备

质子交换膜是液流电池的核心部件之一。文中以磺化聚芴醚酮(SPFEK)膜为基膜,采用稀溶液化学氧化聚合法在SPFEK膜表面原位复合一层聚苯胺,通过调整苯胺(An)单体的浓度,制得SPFEK/PANI复合膜。采用扫描电镜与红外光谱表征了复合膜的结构,表明聚苯胺已经成功地在SPFEK膜表面复合。通过钒流单电池的性能测试,结果表明,当苯胺单体的浓度为0.05 mol/L时,所制备的复合质子交换膜具有最高的H+传导选择性,所组装的钒流电池具有最好的自放电性能,在充放电流为50 m A/cm~2时,电池的库仑效率、电压效率、能量效率分别达到95%,83%,75%。     

钒、铬微合金化对高碳钢微观组织与力学性能的影响

为了开发性能更优的高碳盘条钢,在原有70钢的基础上,以铬、钒微合金化设计开发新钢种,并分析了铬、钒对试验钢的微观组织和力学性能的影响。铬、钒单独微合金化,使索氏体化率增大、片层间距减小、原始奥氏体晶粒细化;与70钢相比,随铬、钒含量的增加,钢的抗拉强度逐渐升高,断口伸长量下降。铬钒复合微合金化对钢中微观组织的改善明显好于单独微合金化;与70钢相比,铬钒复合微合金化钢的强度显著升高,塑性略有降低;与80钢相比,铬钒复合微合金化钢的强度和塑性均较高。     

水热法一步合成VO2粉末及其微观形貌调控

采用水热法,钒源选择V_2O_5,在使用还原剂草酸,不使用其他表面活性剂及模板的条件下,制备了具有不同微观形貌的VO_2(B)和VO_2(M)粉末,主要研究了草酸溶液浓度变化对产物微观形貌的影响。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)对粉末的晶型结构和物相组成进行分析,通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对粉末的微观形貌进行表征。在180℃水热反应温度下,制备出了具有多种特殊微观形貌的VO_2(B)粉末,典型的如"雪花"状、"杨桃"状以及均匀短棒状等,全面系统地对粉末所出现的不同微观形貌进行了总结。采用蓝电电池测试系统对不同微观形貌VO_2(B)粉末制备的锂离子电池进行充放电测试,结果表明,"杨桃"状VO_2(B)锂离子电池性能较优,比容量峰值可达4 683.8mAh/g,但电池循环特性较差。同时,在水热反应温度260℃下,合成了微观形貌分别为短棒状、"雪花"状、"核桃"状以及球状的VO_2(M)粉末。DSC测试结果显示,VO_2(M)粉末形貌对其相变温度影响较小。     

Nanostructured Li3V2(PO4)3 Cathodes

To further increase the energy and power densities of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), monoclinic Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ attracts much attention. However, the intrinsic low electrical conductivity (2.4 × 10^?7 S cm^?1) and sluggish kinetics become major drawbacks that keep Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ away from meeting its full potential in high rate performance. Recently, significant breakthroughs in electrochemical performance (e.g., rate capability and cycling stability) have been achieved by utilizing advanced nanotechnologies. The nanostructured Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ hybrid cathodes not only improve the electrical conductivity, but also provide high electrode/electrolyte contact interfaces, favorable electron and Li⁺ transport properties, and good accommodation of strain upon Li⁺ insertion/extraction. In this Review, light is shed on recent developments in the application of 0D (nanoparticles), 1D (nanowires and nanobelts), 2D (nanoplates and nanosheets), and 3D (nanospheres) Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ for high‐performance LIBs, especially highlighting their synthetic strategies and promising electrochemical properties. Finally, the future prospects of nanostructured Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃ cathodes are discussed.