Nitrogen fixation of and N transfer from cowpea, mungbean and groundnut when intercropped with maize

Grain legumes are used widely in intercropping systems. However, quantitative and comparative data available as to their N₂ fixation and N beneficial effect on the companion crop in intercropping systems are scarce. Hence, studies were conducted to ascertain the above when cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.), mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) were intercropped with maize. The study was¹⁵N-aided and made outdoors in basins (30 L) filled with 38 kg of soil.¹⁵N labelling was effected by incorporating¹⁵N-tagged plant material or applying¹⁵N-labelled fertilizer along with sucrose to stabilize¹⁵N enrichment in the soil during the experimental period. Intercropped groundnut fixed the highest amount of nitrogen from the atmosphere (i.e. 552 mg plant^–1), deriving 85% of its N from the atmosphere. Intercropped cowpea and mungbean fixed 161 and 197 mg N plant^–1, obtaining 81% and 78% of their N content from the atmosphere, respectively. The proportion of N derived by maize from the associated legume varied from 7-11% for mungbean, 11–20% for cowpea and 12–26% for groundnut which amounted to about 19–22, 29–45 and 33–60 mg N maize plant^–1, respectively. The high nitrogen fixation potential of groundnut in dual stands and its relatively low harvest index for N have apparently contributed to greater N-benefical effect on the associated crop.     

民间传统御寒器具——火桶设计研究

＂火桶＂是南方传统的御寒器物,它具有造型简单,取材方便,功能实用多样的特点,凝聚了民间朴素造物的思想。同时,火桶所具有着深厚的人文特点和文化内涵。文章以黔东南镇远地区民间火桶为例,分析其形态、结构、功能及人机关系等内容,探究民间造物的设计巧思。     

基于视觉文化理论的安徽城市形象塑造与传播

一座城市形象的塑造与这座城市的文化有关,当然,也与其一贯表现出现的形象有关。一座城市形象的形成是基于外地人对这座城市的直观上的感受,这就是视觉文化理论的作用。安徽城市形象的塑造基于其视觉文化的形成,如何传播安徽城市形象,以使得安徽在人们眼中拥有较为完美的形象也需要视觉文化理论的支持。     

一种融合视觉决策理论预测用户选择的方法

为有效解决在眼动人机交互环境中由于难以判断用户决策而导致的米达斯接触问题, 结合视觉决策理论, 通过融合眼动指标与时间序列来预测用户行为。先记录用户浏览目标页面时的眼动数据及进行选择时的点击数据, 并对数据按时间轴进行采样, 得到注视序列; 然后根据注视序列拟合用户进行决策时的注视似然曲线, 确定相关参数与触发阈值。眼动实验结果表明, 单凭注视阈值预测准确率就可以达到78. 3%, 在人机交互环境中拟合的似然曲线与视觉决策理论耦合。方法的实施无须用户进行额外的配合, 不依赖预设的固定阈值; 相对于设置固定触发阈值, 或要用户进行眨眼、按键等操作的传统方法, 交互过程可更顺畅、自然。     

一种基于指纹和可视可擦除水印的安全广播视频分发方案

提出了一种基于可视可擦除水印和数字指纹的多媒体安全分发方案.利用可视水印提供预览视频,支持用户获得授权后的可视水印擦除,伴随擦除过程同时完成用户指纹的嵌入.     

基于Java电化教学中项目驱动教学法的应用

本文提出了以电化教学环境为平台,运用项目驱动教学法进行Java语言的教学,分析并论述了这种教学法在教学过程中的实现思路及实施过程。教学实践表明,本教学方法激发了学生学习的积极性,培养了学生分析问题和解决问题的实际应用能力。     

Accommodation and convergence in integral imaging 3D display

In this paper, we analyze the visual fatigue of integral imaging three‐dimensional (3D) display by studying the accommodation and convergence when viewing the integral imaging 3D images. The theoretical analyses show that there is no inconsistency between the accommodation and convergence distances, which means that the integral imaging 3D display has no visual fatigue. Experiments are implemented, and the results finally demonstrate the rationality of the theoretical analyses. These analyses can be quite beneficial for researchers to better understand the performances and promote the practical applications of the integral imaging 3D display.     

Measurement of minimum angle of resolution (MAR) in the stereoscopic display using the optotype of stereoscopic stimuli

In stereoscopic images, the crossing point of the viewing directions of the two eyes determines the perceived depth. Assuming that accommodation is affected by the positions of the crossing point, the effect of crossing point on minimum angle of resolution (MAR) was investigated. For 40 participants, MAR was measured by two‐alternative forced choice where Snellen optotype E of up and down directions were used as two kinds of stimuli. As the crossing point of the viewing direction of the left and right eyes moves farther from the sample display, the ability to identify the direction of letter E decreases at the optotype of the same line thickness. The change of MAR shows linear trends with respect to the optical power change that are the reciprocal of the distance from the participant to the crossing points located out of screen and on screen.     

Visual experience for autostereoscopic 3D projection display

In order to investigate visual experience for watching the autostereoscopic three‐dimensional (3D) projection display, we conduct a subjective evaluation experiment by a questionnaire when viewing video clips. Factor analysis is adopted to classify the evaluation items for the perpetual constructs of visual experience. Then a mixed design with repeated measurement analysis of variance with dimension and display duration as factors is carried out on the evaluation data to check the factorial effects and interactions for statistical significance. The results of factor analysis extract five factors including visual comfort, image quality, distortion, naturalness, and presence, which can be used as comprehensive indicators to evaluate the autostereoscopic 3D projection display. The results of analysis of variance indicate that image quality, which is used to assess two‐dimensional contents, is no longer applicable. It is necessary to give consideration to depth when evaluating 3D visual experience. Although 3D scenes enhance the overall subjective performance such as naturalness and presence, the health issues and stereoscopic distortion related to the introduction of depth cannot be ignored.     

Response to walnut olfactory and visual cues by the parasitic wasp Diachasmimorpha juglandis

Diachasmimorpha juglandis is a specialist parasitoid attacking fly larvae in the genus Rhagoletis that feed exclusively on walnut fruit husks. In a free-foraging assay comparing response to uninfested, infested, and mechanically damaged fruits, we first determined that D. juglandis use host feeding damage on the fruit as a cue for host presence. In another free-foraging assay that used artificial walnut models and wind tunnel experiments, D. juglandis distinguished infested from uninfested fruits by using either olfactory or visual cues separately. However, the response rate of wasps in the wind tunnel was raised considerably when visual cues were also available. We analyzed the volatile compounds emitted by cohorts of uninfested, mechanically damaged, and infested fruits 1, 3, 5, 8, and 10 days after oviposition by flies into the infested fruits. Total volatile emissions did not differ significantly among treatments, but quantitative changes in volatiles distinguished infested fruits from uninfested and damaged fruits. The fact that parasitoids did not distinguish between infested and damaged fruits in assays where damage was visible indicates that they rely on visual cues when those are available.