低雷诺数气液交叉流装置研究（I）——孔流液柱流动特性数值模拟

针对低雷诺数的气液交叉流气体净化过程,提出有效避免二次雾沫夹带的液柱流体力学条件。数值模拟结果表明,液柱表面随着离开孔口的距离而变化,采用公式Lb／d=2．84We^0.694能有效预测液柱的断裂行为。     

一种汽轮机组排汽焓和最优初压在线计算方法

通过对已往的汽轮机变工况计算方法的分析,提出了以汽轮机末级抽汽或次末级抽汽(过热蒸汽状态)为计算起点的汽轮机顺序变工况核算方法。根据初始假定的末级流量和现场实际的末级前热力状态和背压,用汽轮机变工况流型判别准则,判别级的流型,然后从末级前参数开始顺序进行一次级的变工况核算,得到新的排汽焓,最后算得机组热耗率和排汽焓。以此方法为变工况计算的基础,并利用系统分析方法,建立了在线确定单元机组最优运行初压的数学模型。为火电机组的优化运行提出了一种新思路。     

基于有限体积法的G4-73型离心风机三维流场数值模拟

基于有限体积法,利用Fluent软件对G4-73型离心风机内部流场进行了全三维数值模拟。结果表明:蜗壳内的低能流体区沿轴向朝流动方向推进;叶轮内的静压和动压在叶片吸力面靠近叶轮进口处最低,叶轮流道中动压等值线呈"凸"型分布,在叶片压力面靠近叶轮出口处静压和动压达到最大值,且叶轮出口相对总压损失集中在吸力面和前盘侧。     

顶部定常吸气对高层建筑模型气动力的影响

为减少高层建筑受到的风荷载,提高高层建筑抗风性能,提出一种顶部吸气的主动控制方法。在一高宽比为H/d=5的正方形截面柱体的高层建筑模型上,通过在其顶部前边缘开设狭缝进行吸气来实现流动控制。通过风洞试验研究了顶部吸气对气动力与顶部分离流的影响.利用流动可视化与流场测试结果揭示了顶部狭缝吸气的控制机理.实验对比了不同吸气系数Q(=U/U_∞,U为狭缝吸气速度)对气动力控制效果的影响,并对Q=0,1和3的三种工况下风压分布与顶部剪切流进行了详细对比.研究发现狭缝吸气改变了顶部分离流特性,并对模型所有高度上的气动力均有显著影响.Q=1时控制效果最佳,脉动阻力与脉动升力分别减小17.8%和45.5%.此时顶面分离流被削弱并伴随有再附现象且湍流强度较大,最有利于顶部剪切流与尾流间的动量交换,从而削弱柱体展向涡脱落与脉动气动力.     

A customised approach to determining the geomorphic effectiveness of small flood events in a regulated river

The construction of dams significantly alters flow and sediment regimes with subsequent deleterious effects on the morphological and ecological character of rivers. Effective experimental floods can ameliorate the downstream geomorphic impacts of dams. The traditional view is that large floods are required to perform effective geomorphic work, and the geomorphic outcomes of small floods are often overlooked. Many river restoration frameworks do not consider small floods. Yet, there is evidence that the hydrological characteristics that ameliorate specific geomorphic impacts in a river are unique to each river, and a customised approach to setting the right mix of floods (including small experimental floods) is needed. In this study, we modify an existing flood effectiveness model developed for large floods, for determining the geomorphic effectiveness of small floods in a highly regulated Australian river. Two flood classes were added to the model (medium peak stream power and moderate total energy expenditure), and the flood power characteristics were rescaled to reflect the relative difference in the magnitude of the small floods and the magnitude of the geomorphic work performed. Using a step‐wise approach, this customised model determined the geomorphic effectiveness of small floods. The best flood for ameliorating the geomorphic impacts of flow regulation had medium to long duration (10 to 51 days), high peak unit stream power (77 to 123 Wm^?2) and moderate to large total energy expenditure (78,600 to 342,320 × 10³ J). This approach to determining flood effectiveness for small floods is applicable to other geomorphically impacted river channels downstream of dams and can be used to inform experimental flood releases for geomorphic outcomes.     

基于表面反应和扩散迁移控制的灰岩单裂隙渗流—溶解模型及其数值模拟

针对碳酸盐类可溶岩地区水电站坝址流场、化学场以及固相介质属性等随时间发生改变,从而对工程安全运行造成不利影响等问题,研究了灰岩地区地下水运移过程中各物理场间的相互作用,分析了影响灰岩溶解速率的两个因素,即表面反应控制和扩散迁移控制。在此基础上,建立了单裂隙中的渗流—溶解耦合模型,并进行数值求解。模拟结果表明,在垂直裂隙延伸方向,其溶蚀锋面为非齐整平面,而是呈似“虫洞”状非均一变化,而沿裂隙延伸方向即自上游侧向下游方向溶蚀程度逐渐减轻;而通过裂隙的流量呈现随时间逐渐增大的趋势,但变幅不大;根据流量求得的等效水力隙宽,其增幅和增长速率均小于实际平均隙宽;同时,化学场中Ca2+浓度的分布与裂隙开度变化具有相似性,不同时刻下上游侧反应速率R均大于下游侧。就反应机制而言,在初期均受表面反应控制,而随反应进行,位于上游补给区部位转为受扩散迁移控制,但在下游位置仍受表面反应控制。     

A computational fluid dynamic analysis of gas and particle flow in flame spraying

The flame spraying process, which is a common industrial thermal spraying application, has been analyzed by means of three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The process used at the Volvo Aero Corporation for the coating of fan and compressor housings has been modeled. The process uses the Metco 6P torch (Metco, Westbury, NY), which ejects a mixture of acetylene and oxygen at high speed through a ring of 16 orifices to form the flame. A stream of argon gas flowing through an orifice in the center of the ring carries a powder of nickel-covered bentonite through the flame to the spray substrate. The torch is cooled by a flow of air through an outer ring of 9 orifices. The simulation emulated reality closely by including the individual inlets for fuel, cooling air, and injected particles. The gas combustion was simulated as a turbulent, multicomponent chemically reacting flow. The standard, two-equation k-ε turbulence model was used. The chemical reaction rates appeared as source terms in the species transport equations. They were computed from the contributions of the Arrhenius rate expressions and the Magnussen and Hjertager eddy dissipation model. The first simulations included several intermediate chemical substances whose predicted concentration agreed favorably with measurements. Later, more simplified simulations incorporated only the global chemical reaction involving the initial and the final products, with corrections to the thermal properties being made to account for the missing intermediaries. The gas velocity and temperature fields predicted by the later simulations compared satisfactorily to those predicted by the earlier, more elaborate, ones. Therefore, the final simulations, which incorporated injected particles, were conducted employing the simplified model with only the global reaction. An in-house finite difference code was developed to calculate particle properties. Allowance was made for elliptical shapes, phase changes, and internal heat transfer with regard to the composite material. The particle velocities and temperatures predicted by the final simulations compared fairly well with experimental results obtained with the optical DPV2000 system.     

基于流场数值模拟的导流堤加固方案优化设计

流态和流速分析是导流堤设计的先决问题。以某沿海水利枢纽导流堤为研究对象,采用有限元数值模拟的手段及平面二维水流数学模型,对其加长加固方案进行对比分析,优选出合理的导流堤结构型式和长度,为工程设计提供理论参考。     

闸坝水力学特性的三维数值模拟

本文采用标准k-ε双方程紊流模型及基于水气两相流的VOF方法,运用FLOW3 D软件对闸坝进行数值模拟,得出不同水位下的闸坝泄流能力,以及不同部位的闸室及消力池水面线、流速、压力等重要水力学要素。结果表明数值计算在一定程度上可以达到模型试验的效果。