OPTIMAL MAINTENANCE SCHEDULING FOR WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

The scheduling of maintenance for water distribution systems is a complex task encompassing a wide range of alternatives. The methodology presented in this paper can consider the major piping alternatives of replacing and cleaning, and relining. It also considers the potential of pumping improvements while accounting for the costs of maintenance, failure and operations for a multiple-period planning horizon. To solve the problem a nonlinear optimization model is linked with a network simulation model. The application showed that the procedure can determine solutions in reasonable times.     

Water treatment with silicofluorides and lead toxicity

Toxic metals like lead, manganese, copper and cadmium damage neurons and deregulate neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine (which are essential to normal impulse control and learning). Earlier studies show that — controlling for socio‐economic and demographic factors — environmental pollution with lead is a highly significant risk factor in predicting higher rates of crime, attention deficit disorder or hyperactivity, and learning disabilities. Exposure and uptake of lead has been associated with industrial pollution, leaded paint and plumbing systems in old housing, lead residues in soil, dietary habits (such as shortages of calcium and iron), and demographic factors (such as poverty, stress, and minority ethnicity). We report here on an additional “risk co‐factor” making lead and other toxic metals in the environment more dangerous to local residents: the use of silicofluorides as agents in water treatment. The two chemicals in question — fluosilicic acid and sodium silicofluoride — are toxins that, despite claims to the contrary, do not dissociate completely and change water chemistry when used under normal water treatment practices. As a result, water treatment with siliconfluorides apparently functions to increase the cellular uptake of lead. Data from lead screening of over 280,000 children in Massachusetts indicates that silicofluoride usage is associated with significant increases in average lead in children's blood as well as percentage of children with blood lead in excess of 10μg/dL. Consistent with the hypothesized role of silicofluorides as enhancing uptake of lead whatever the source of exposure, children are especially at risk for higher blood lead in those communities with more old housing or lead in excess of 15 ppb in first draw water samples where silicofluorides are also in use. Preliminary findings from county‐level data in Georgia confirm that silicofluoride usage is associated with higher levels of lead in children's blood. In both Massachusetts and Georgia, moreover, behaviors associated with lead nurotoxicity are more frequent in communities using silicofluorides than in comparable localities that do not use these chemicals. Because there has been insufficient animal or human testing of silicofluoride treated water, further study of the effect of silicofluorides is needed to clarify the extent to which these chemicals are risk co‐factors for lead uptake and the hazardous effects it produces.     

Effects of NOM properties on copper release from model solid phases

This study examined impacts of concentrations and properties of natural organic matter (NOM) on copper release from characteristic copper solid model phases such as tenorite CuO and malachite Cu₂(OH)₂CO₃. Unaltered Aldrich humic acid (AHA) and standard Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA) strongly increased copper release from the model phases but NOM alteration by chlorination or ozonation gradually suppressed or, at higher oxidant doses, eliminated these effects. The nature of NOM changes induced by chlorination and ozonation was examined using differential absorbance spectroscopy (DAS) and high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). The data of these methods show that NOM molecules with higher apparent molecular weight (AMW), higher aromaticities and contributions of protonation-active phenolic and carboxylic groups play a key role in adsorption and colloidal dispersion of the model solids. The data also show that metal release from model phases was well correlated with a number of spectroscopic parameters characterizing NOM properties, notably SUVA₂₅₄, spectral slopes of NOM absorbance, and differential absorbance at wavelength of 280 nm and 350 nm that is indicative of the contributions of carboxylic and phenolic functional groups. Changes of ζ-potential of the model solid phases were the strongest predictor of the enhancement of copper release especially in the system controlled by malachite. While effects of NOM on the ζ-potential of tenorite and malachite were prominent for unaltered NOM, its oxidation by chlorine and ozone was accompanied by a gradual decrease and ultimately disappearance of its surface activity.     

苏丹SOBA大桥桩基础旋挖钻机水上施工工艺分析

本文主要介绍了旋挖钻机水上桩施工工艺。实践证明了清水平衡水压钻进方法的可行性,并且具有保护环境、缩短施工工期、减轻施工强度、减少施工成本等优点。     

桥梁水中墩施工措施研究

在桥梁建设中,水中墩施工技术一直是技术难点和突破重点。本文在总结目前桥梁水中墩施工实践的基础上,首先对水中墩概念及施工常用技术进行了介绍,然后分析了目前技术中存在的不足和改善的重点,并针对不足提出了改进方法。     

铁路施工中的水中墩支护施工要点分析

铁路施工中的水中墩施工难度较大,情况较为复杂。因此,在水中墩支护的施工中,为了更好地保证施工工程质量,要加强施工技术管理和质量控制。文章分析了铁路施工中的水中墩支护施工技术要点和施工质量控制措施,以供读者参考。     

浅析高层建筑给排水消防设计

高层建筑消防给排水施工设计所涉及的专业内容较为广泛,需要结合每个系统的实际情况展开最具安全保障的有效设计,强化设计的稳定可靠性。唯有在可靠的技术保障下实施便捷操作,方能保证建筑与人员的安全。     

廊坊市南水北调配套水厂以上输水管道工程土工试验指标分析

本文主要阐述了廊坊市南水北调配套水厂以上输水管道工程土工试验指标,并对其进行了详细地分析。     

太阳能热水系统设计与应用的探讨

根据热水使用的场所及规模,合理地选择太阳能热水系统,集热器产品及配套设备,以及与相关专业、专业厂家的密切配合,保证太阳能与建筑一体化的设计以及太阳能热水系统合理利用。     

辅引3#施工支洞开挖过程中涌水治理

辅引3#施工支洞开挖过程中出现涌水情况,对涌水治理进行了经验总结。