官地水电站地下厂房开挖施工技术研究

官地水电站地下引水发电系统工程规模庞大,总共布置了约40条洞室,这些洞室交错布置,形成庞大复杂的地下洞室群。主要洞室尺寸庞大,其中地下厂房是目前国内外在建工程中跨度较大的地下结构。本文介绍了官地电站主厂房开挖与支护的施工程序和方法,旨在说明合理的施工通道布置及施工组织设计是确保地下洞室,特别是大型地下厂房系统工程质量、施工工期的关键。     

The nature and severity of workplace injuries in construction: engendering operational benchmarking

Abstract

To remain competitive and manage their safety performance, many construction organisations have engaged in benchmarking themselves against lagging indicators provided by a statutory body. Aggregated metrics that are provided by statutory bodies are not useful for the purpose of operational benchmarking, as ‘best practice’ is unable to be identified. Access to safety statistics from leading construction organisations’ projects is seldom made available for the purposes of benchmarking. In addressing this void and to engender a process of operational benchmarking, a homogeneous dataset is used to examine 26,665 workplace injuries that arose during the delivery of 562 projects over a 10-year period by a leading international Australian construction organisation. The nature and the degree of severity of the injuries that arose are statistically analysed. The findings provide invaluable insights into issues contributing to workplace injuries during construction, which can be used as a basis for operational benchmarking and a platform for engaging in continuous improvement.

Practitioner summary: Workplace injuries are a problem in construction. Recognising that safety is a key goal for construction organisations, we analyse the nature of workplace injuries that occurred in 562 projects. Acknowledging the challenges of using lagging indicators, an operational framework for engendering best practice in workplace safety is presented.     

Informal learning in work environments: training with the Social Web in the workplace

The Internet and its increasing usage has changed informal learning in depth. This change has affected young and older adults in both the workplace and in higher education. But, in spite of this, formal and non-formal course-based approaches have not taken full advantage of these new informal learning scenarios and technologies. The Web 2.0 is a new way for people to communicate across the Internet. Communication is a means of transformation and knowledge exchange. These are the facts that cannot be obviated by the organisations in their training programmes and knowledge management. This special issue is devoted to investigating how informal learning changes or influences online information in Social Web and training strategies in institutions. In order to do so, five papers will present different approaches of informal learning in the workplace regarding Web 2.0 capabilities.     

Analysis of integrated circuit fault data using generalized linear models

Fault data for integrated circuits manufactured on silicon wafers are usually presented using wafer maps to indicate the spatial distribution of defects. This paper shows how this type of spatial data can be analyzed under the framework of generalized linear models. This provides a systematic method for monitoring the quality of a manufacturing process, and identifying fault sources with assignable causes that may possibly be eliminated with process improvement as a result. We consider models that account for different spatial patterns and, in particular, the observed phenomenon that the faults are distributed non‐uniformly across the wafer. Furthermore, we demonstrate how designed experiments can be used in optimizing the setting of important process parameters. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Language exclusion and the consequences of perceived ostracism in the workplace.

The current research examined the impact of workplace ostracism on work-related attitudes and behaviors. Participants read a vignette describing a series of workplace interactions between the participant and two coworkers. During the interactions, participants were included in a group discussion, ostracized by coworkers in English or ostracized in Spanish. Consistent with predictions, ostracized participants reported lower levels of organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behaviors than included participants. Ostracism by language resulted in lower work group commitment and higher levels of symbolic threat compared with included participants and those ostracized in English. Increased prejudice was also reported by participants exposed to language ostracism. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for general attitudinal processes and employee-related work attitudes and behaviors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sense of coherence as a protective mechanism among targets of workplace bullying.

The present study investigated sense of coherence (SOC) as a protective factor among targets of workplace bullying. A hypothesis that strong SOC lessens the relationship between exposure to bullying and symptoms of posttraumatic stress was tested in a cross-sectional sample of 221 self-labeled targets of workplace bullying. The findings showed that SOC offers most protective benefits to targets exposed to low levels of bullying, whereas the benefits of SOC diminish as bullying becomes more severe. The results support previous findings that workplace bullying is a traumatic experience for those exposed to it, regardless of the target's available coping resources. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Self-defeating behaviors in organizations: The relationship between thwarted belonging and interpersonal work behaviors.

This multisource field study applied belongingness theory to examine whether thwarted belonging, defined as the perceived discrepancy between one's desired and actual levels of belonging with respect to one's coworkers, predicts interpersonal work behaviors that are self-defeating. Controlling for demographic variables, job type, justice constructs, and trust in organization in a multilevel regression analysis using data from 130 employees of a clinical chemical laboratory and their supervisors, the authors found that employees who perceive greater levels of desired coworker belonging than actual levels of coworker belonging were more likely to engage in interpersonally harmful and less likely to engage in interpersonally helpful behaviors. Implications for the application of belongingness theory to explain self-defeating behaviors in organizations are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The fit and implementation of sexual harassment law to workplace evaluations.

Three studies used videotaped harassment complaints to examine the impact of legal standards on the evaluation of social-sexual conduct at work. Study 1 demonstrated that without legal instructions, college students' judgment strategies were highly variable. Study 2 compared 2 current legal standards, the "severity or pervasiveness test" and a proposed utilitarian alternative (i.e., the rational woman approach). Undergraduate participants taking the perspective of the complainant were more sensitive to offensive conduct than were those adopting an objective perspective. Although the utilitarian alternative further increased sensitivity on some measures, it failed to produce a principled judgment strategy. Finally, Study 3 examined the kinds of errors that full-time workers make when applying the "severity or pervasiveness" test to examine more closely the sensitivity of the subjective approach. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Does your coworker know what you're doing? Convergence of self- and peer-reports of counterproductive work behavior.

Most studies of counterproductive work behavior (CWB) are criticized for overreliance on self-report methodology. This study tested the convergence of 136 matched self-reports and coworker-reports of work stressors and CWB. For each participant dyad, the focal employee ("incumbent") completed a self-report survey and gave a coworker form to a peer familiar with the incumbent's work situation and behavior. Correlations and t tests demonstrated significant convergence between incumbent and coworker reports of key study variables, except organization-targeted CWB. Separately, both incumbent and coworker reports supported the Stressor-Emotion CWB model. In mixed-source analyses, only interpersonal relationships were significant--conflict and CWB targeting persons. Weaknesses in each report source are discussed, and multisourced triangulation to cover perceptual, experiential, and behavioral domains is recommended. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Assessing Variation in Development Effort Consistency Using a Data Source with Missing Data

In this study the authors analyse the International Software Benchmarking Standards Group data repository, Release 8.0. The data repository comprises project data from several different companies. However, the repository exhibits missing data, which must be handled in an appropriate manner, otherwise inferences may be made that are biased and misleading. The authors re-examine a statistical model that explained about 62% of the variability in actual software development effort (Summary Work Effort) which was conditioned on a sample from the repository of 339 observations. This model exhibited covariates Adjusted Function Points and Maximum Team Size and dependence on Language Type (which includes categories 2nd, 3rd, 4th Generation Languages and Application Program Generators) and Development Type (enhancement, new development and re-development). The authors now use Bayesian inference and the Bayesian statistical simulation program, BUGS, to impute missing data avoiding deletion of observations with missing Maximum Team size and increasing sample size to 616. Providing that by imputing data distributional biases are not introduced, the accuracy of inferences made from models that fit the data will increase. As a consequence of imputation, models that fit the data and explain about 59% of the variability in actual effort are identified. These models enable new inferences to be made about Language Type and Development Type. The sensitivity of the inferences to alternative distributions for imputing missing data is also considered. Furthermore, the authors contemplate the impact of these distributions on the explained variability of actual effort and show how valid effort estimates can be derived to improve estimate consistency.