低压高过冷度下自然循环流动不稳定性实验研究

对具有长直上升段的自然循环系统,开展了流动不稳定性实验研究。同时,详细分析了低压、高入口过冷度条件下典型的流动不稳定现象。实验表明：自然循环系统的结构、流体的热边界条件会影响自然循环的运行特性及流动不稳定性类型。较高入口过冷度下,高热流密度导致系统脱离稳态后,很难重新回到稳定的两相自然循环流动状态。随着热流密度的提高,系统会经历间歇沸腾、复合动态流动不稳定性等状态。依据实验结果得到了高入口过冷度下的不稳定性边界图。在两相振荡期间,自然循环驱动压头和回路阻力的主要影响因素集中在长直上升段和加热段。加热段出口积聚的大量气泡对上、下游流体的强烈挤压作用是流量大幅振荡及逆流的主要原因。     

过冷却回路对多联机性能的影响

本文实验研究了过冷却回路对多联机制冷和制热性能的影响,并提出多联机过冷却回路的控制策略。结果表明:室内、外机之间的配管越长、负荷率越大及室外机入口水温越高,过冷却回路对多联机制冷量和EER的优化潜力越大;过冷却回路对制热量和制热COP均无显著影响。提出将室外机模块出口过冷度、压缩机排气温度和过冷却换热器节流侧出口过热度作为过冷却回路的开启判据和控制目标参数。     

Phase change characteristics of ethylene glycol solution‐based nanofluids for subzero thermal energy storage

Nanofluids, particularly water‐based nanofluids, have been extensively studied as liquid–solid phase change materials (PCMs) for thermal energy storage (TES). In this study, nanofluids with aqueous ethylene glycol (EG) solution as the base fluid are proposed as a novel PCM for cold thermal energy storage. Nanofluids were prepared by dispersing 0.1–0.4 wt% TiO₂ nanoparticles into 12, 22, and 34 vol.% EG solutions. The dispersion stability of the nanofluids was evaluated by Turbiscan Lab. The liquid–solid phase change characteristics of the nanofluids were also investigated. Phase change temperature (PCT), nucleation temperature, and half freezing time (HFT) were investigated in freezing experiments. Subcooling degree and HFT reduction were then calculated. Latent heat of solidification was measured using differential scanning calorimetry. Thermal conductivity was determined using the hot disk thermal constant analyzer. Experimental results show that the nanoparticles decreased the PCT of 34 vol.% EG solution but minimally influenced the PCT of 12 and 22 vol.% EG solutions. For all nanofluids, the nanoparticles decreased the subcooling degree, HFT, and latent heat but increased the thermal conductivity of the EG solutions. The mechanism of the improvement of the phase change characteristics and decrease in latent heat by the nanoparticles was discussed. The nanoparticles simultaneously served as nucleating agent that induced crystal nucleation and as impurities that disturbed the growth of water crystals in EG solution‐based nanofluids. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Probability distributions of gas hydrate formation

Induction time distributions for gas hydrate formation were measured for gas mixtures of methane + propane at pressures up to 11.3 MPa using a high‐pressure automated lag time apparatus (HP‐ALTA). Measurements were made at subcooling temperatures between 4.3 and 13.5 K and, while isothermal induction times between 0 and 15,000 s were observed, the median isothermal induction times for the distributions ranged from 100 to 4000 s. A hyperbolic relationship between median induction time and subcooling was used to correlate the data. A graphical interpretation is presented that relates the two types of data that can be acquired by using the HP‐ALTA in one of two modes to study hydrate formation: induction time distributions at constant subcooling and formation temperature distributions observed during linear cooling ramps. The equivalence of these two modes provides a robust method for studying the variation of formation phenomena in different hydrate systems. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 2640–2646, 2013     

人工神经网络在预测流动沸腾曲线中的应用

选用20世纪60年代以来的实验数据，应用人工神经网络分析入口欠热度、质量流速、压力等主要参数对沸腾曲线的影响。在整个传热区内，热流密度随入口欠热度的增加而增大；在过渡沸腾和膜态沸腾区，热流密度随质量流速的增加而增加；压力起重要的作用，除膜态沸腾区外，增加压力能强化传热。除泡核沸腾外，稳态和瞬态的流动沸腾曲线的差异很小。     

Condensing Heat Transfer in Steam-Water Condensing-injector

An experiment on the direct heat transfer process between supersonic steam and subcooled water jet was performed, using a steam-water condensing-injector. Photographic observation provided information on the state of flow, and establishment of a critical separate steam-water flow was confirmed. The temperature and pressure distributions along the flow were measured and the effective coefficients of condensing heat transfer were evaluated from the observed data, based on a model embodying an idealized interface between vapor and liquid. In the vicinity of the water nozzle exit, where the vapor-liquid interface was distinct, the heat transfer coefficients obtained were 14–28 (cal/°C.cm².sec), and some correlation was observed among Nusselt, Reynolds and Jakob numbers, upon adopting the velocity and the physical properties of the steam phase. The relations Nu=6.0.Re ^0.9(Pr=1.04–1.10), and Re=1.8×10⁸.Ja ^3.0, i.e., Nu=1.6×10⁸.Ja ^2.7 were derived as a rough estimation. No clear correlation could be discerned in the corresponding data obtained from observation points further downstream, where a distinct steam-water interface no longer existed. In conclusion, it is proposed that, in deriving the correlations between Nu and Re or Ja, the physical properties of the vapor and the vapor-liquid relative velocity should be adopted, on account of the strong dependence of condensing heat transfer on steam velocity and water subcooling.     

Unsteady two-dimensional multiphysical simulation of a pressure tube model expanded to contact with the outer concentric tube

For the blind calculation of the International Collaborative Standard Problem (ICSP) experiment on heavy water reactor moderator subcooling requirements, the COMSOL Multiphysics code is used to simulate plastic deformation of a pressure tube (PT) as a result of the interaction of stress and temperature. It is shown that the thermal stress model of COMSOL is compatible to simulate the multiple heat transfers (including the radiation heat transfer and heat conduction) and stress strain in the simplified two-dimensional problem. The benchmark test result for radiation heat transfer is in good agreement with the analytical solution for the concentric configuration of PT and calandria tube (CT). Since the original strain model of COMSOL only considers an elastic deformation with thermal expansion coefficient, the PT/CT contact cannot be predicted in the ICSP. Therefore, the plastic deformation model by the Shewfelt and Godin, widely used in the fuel channel analysis of CANadian Deuterium Uranium (CANDU) reactor, is implemented to the strain equation of COMSOL. The heat-up of PT, the strain rate, and the contact time of the PT/CT are calculated with the boundary conditions (BCs) given for blind calculation of the ICSP experiment.

The result shows a sudden expansion of the inner concentric PT within a few milliseconds. This unsteady simulation should be helpful for the conceptual design of experiment as well as for the understanding of multiphysics inside the fuel channels of the CANDU reactor.     

竖直圆管外含空气蒸汽冷凝传热的实验研究

通过对含空气蒸汽在竖直圆管外表面冷凝传热的实验研究,分析了空气质量分数、压力及过冷度对蒸汽冷凝换热的影响,给出了含空气蒸汽的冷凝传热过程中的实验关联式。结果表明：在空气质量分数及压力不变的条件下,壁面过冷度对冷凝传热系数的影响高于纯蒸汽冷凝过程中的Nusselt层流解;所得到的实验关联式具有更广的适用范围,且其与实验值的误差在±10%以内。     

基于模块化过冷解除的冰浆制取系统实验研究

过冷水法动态冰浆制取技术具有传热效率高、系统简单等优点,但过冷却器易发生冰堵是影响其稳定性的突出问题。本文提出一种基于模块化过冷解除装置的动态制冰系统,利用设置在过冷却器内的可灵活拆装式螺旋叶片对制冰溶液进行过冷解除,同时刮削换热壁面上粘附的冰晶。测试了不同工况下该制冰系统的性能,结果表明该制冰系统可稳定产出冰浆并有效改善冰堵问题,最高含冰率达9. 1%,最大持续制冰时间可达521 s。冰浆含冰率与持续制冰时间成正比。Na Cl添加剂质量分数为6%时对冰浆含冰率和持续制冰时间的改善效果显著。实验获得制冰系统最佳运行参数:制冰溶液体积流量为0. 50 m3/h、二次冷媒起始温度为-15℃、螺旋叶片转速为175～225 r/min。     

蓄能式商用数码多联机组的设计研究

设计了一款新型过冷式变制冷剂流量的多联系统。分析了该系统的原理、结构和设计思路,并对比了非蓄冷系统与蓄冷系统之间的制冷能力、制冷效率和过冷度之间的区别。经济性分析表明该系统的回收年限少于3年。