Characterization of Asphalt Fractions by NMR Spectroscopy

Abstract

Petroleum asphalt was separated into saturates, naphthalene aromatics, polar aromatics, and asphaltenes using the Corbett method. These asphalt fractions were characterized by H-1 and C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The spectra of saturates illustrate only traceable quantities of aromatic hydrogen and aromatic carbon. Naphthalene aromatics, polar aromatics, and asphaltenes all have broad bands in the aromatic regions of both H-1 and C-13 NMR spectra. These broad bands demonstrate the presence of polycondensed aromatic rings present in the structure of naphthalene aromatics, polar aromatics, and asphaltenes. Based on available literature, numerous NMR resonance bands are identified. The quantitative estimations for various kinds of protons and carbons in the asphalt fractions are compared.     

低孔隙度低渗透率岩石孔隙度与渗透率关系研究

孔隙度越高渗透性越好的观点一直指导中-高孔隙度渗透率储层生产作业,但在低孔隙度低渗透率储层中常出现与该观点相违背的现象,孔隙度基本一致的储层产能差异非常大.通过256块岩样实验发现,低孔隙度低渗透率岩石的渗透率受总孔隙度控制作用不明显,传统的孔隙度—渗透率计算方法已经不再适用;低孔隙度低渗透率岩石渗透率主要受控于孔隙结构,不同孔径尺寸孔隙对渗透率贡献不同,渗透率大小受孔径尺寸大小及其相对应孔隙的比例高低共同控制.提出利用核磁共振测井刻画孔径尺寸区间,根据岩石压汞实验中的孔隙分布直方图数据,参考实验室毛细管压力测量孔隙半径(R)分级方法,将孔隙分为4个区间,分别建立4个区间孔隙与岩样渗透率交会图.利用区间孔隙度计算渗透率的方法不仅提高了低孔隙度低渗透率储层渗透率计算精度,同时也是对传统公式的改进和完善,对低孔隙度低渗透率储层产能评价有很好的指导作用.     

Synthesis and photovoltaic properties of an alternating phenylenevinylene copolymer with substituted-triphenylamine units along the backbone for bulk heterojunction and dye-sensitized solar cells

We have fabricated bulk heterojunction (BHJ) photovoltaic devices based on the as cast and thermally annealed P:[6,6]-phenyl-C-61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blends and found that these devices gave power conversion efficiency (PCE) of about 1.15 and 1.60% respectively. P is a novel alternating phenylenevinylene copolymer which contains 2-cyano-3-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)acrylic acid units along the backbone and was synthesized by Heck coupling. This copolymer was soluble in common organic solvents and showed long-wavelength absorption maximum at 390-420 nm with optical band gap of 1.94 eV. The improvement of PCE after thermal annealing of the device based on the P:PCBM blend was attributed to the increase in hole mobility due to the enhanced crystallinity of P induced by thermal treatment. In addition, we have fabricated BHJ photovoltaic devices based on the as cast and thermally annealed PB:P:PCBM ternary blend. PB is a low band gap alternating phenylenevinylene copolymer with BF₂-azopyrrole complex units, which has been previously synthesized in our laboratory. We found that the device based on this ternary blend exhibited higher PCE (2.56%) as compared to either P:PCBM (1.15%) or PB:PCBM (1.57%) blend. This feature was associated with the well energy level alignment of P, PB and PCBM, the higher donor-acceptor interfaces for the exciton dissociation and the improved light harvesting property of the ternary blend. The further increase in the PCE with thermally annealed ternary blend (3.48%) has been correlated with the increase in the crystallinity of both P and PB. Finally, we used copolymer P as sensitizer for quasi solid state dye-sensitized solar cell and we achieved PCE of approximately 3.78%.     

煤结构组成与成烃作用

在论述煤中存在共价键 交联结构和非共价键缔合结构的基础上,进一步提出水进相成煤环境有利于煤中类脂物的保存和煤的非共价键缔合结构发育,有利于煤成烃。应用固体¹³C核磁波谱分析技术,采用自然演化与热压模拟相结合探讨了干酪根热演化过程中碳骨架与官能团的变化规律,提出脂碳是生烃主要贡献者。在对比研究不同母质类型的湖相泥岩、煤和煤系泥岩干酪根中碳骨架与官能团组成属性及其在热演化“液态窗”阶段的倾油倾气性,进而提出亚甲基[(-CH²-)ⁿ]是干酪根官能中生油的主体,煤成油的实质就是煤干酪根中存在一定数量的亚甲基官能团。这一认识.适用于湖相生油和海相生油的研究。     

A cooling system for the secondary helium loop in VHTR-based SI hydrogen production facilities

Nuclear hydrogen production facilities consist of a very high temperature gas-cooled nuclear reactor (VHTR) system, intermediate heat exchanger (IHX) system, and a sulfur–iodine (SI) thermochemical process. This study focuses on the coupling system between the IHX system and SI thermochemical process. To prevent the propagation of the thermal disturbance owing to the abnormal operation of the SI process components from the IHX system to the VHTR system, a cooling system for the secondary helium of the IHX is required. In this paper, a conceptual flow diagram of the coupling system has been proposed. The temperature fluctuation of the secondary helium owing to the abnormal operation of the SI process was then calculated based on the proposed coupling system model. Finally, the conceptual design of the cooling system for the secondary helium of the IHX with a steam generator and forced-draft air-cooled heat exchanger to mitigate the thermal disturbance has been carried out.     

Tomatine,chlorophyll, β‐carotene and lycopene content in tomatoes during growth and maturation

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants synthesise nutrients, pigments and secondary metabolites. These include the green pigment chlorophyll, the yellow pigment β‐carotene, the red pigment lycopene and the colourless glycoalkaloid α‐tomatine. The levels of these compounds are strongly influenced by the maturity of the tomatoes. Widely consumed Japanese tomato varieties Momotaro, Momotaro‐T93 and First Memory at five different stages of ripeness, each harvested at 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 days after flowering of the plants, were analysed for the contents of these compounds. Additionally, tomato clusters from different locations along the vine on the same plant were also evaluated. The results show that chlorophyll and tomatine concentrations decrease rapidly during the growth of the tomatoes. By contrast, β‐carotene and lycopene levels are low in immature and high in mature tomatoes. The location of the tomato clusters and tomato variety did not significantly affect these results. The possible usefulness of these results to optimise health‐promoting effects of tomatoes is discussed. © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

Antioxidant activity screening of extracts from Sideritis species (Labiatae) grown in Bulgaria

Plant samples from several species and populations of the genus Sideritis (Labiatae) grown in Bulgaria (S scardica, S syriaca and S montana) were extracted with different solvents. Their antioxidant activities were determined by the β‐carotene bleaching test (BCBT), 2,2′‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH^?) radical scavenging method and static headspace gas chromatography (HS‐GC) and compared with the antioxidant activity of two reference compounds of different polarity, viz butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and rosmarinic acid. The pure reference compounds were applied in a ten‐times lower concentration than the plant extracts. The highest antioxidant activity in the BCBT, close to that of BHT, was observed for the more apolar extracts. The inhibitory effect on β‐carotene bleaching of the polar extracts and rosmarinic acid was much lower than that of BHT. The inhibition of hexanal formation in bulk safflower oil by most of S syriaca and S scardica extracts was as effective as BHT but less so than rosmarinic acid. S montana extracts showed weak antioxidant or even pro‐oxidant properties. Extracts from butanol and from ethyl acetate and the total methanol extracts from all Sideritis plants studied showed a strong radical scavenging activity against DPPH^?, close to that of rosmarinic acid. S montana extracts were, as a whole, slightly weaker radical inhibitors than the extracts from the other two species. The antioxidant activity of Sideritis extracts was attributed to the presence of flavonoid and phenylpropanoid glycosides. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

瓶装黄酒杀菌条件与风味关系研究

对瓶装黄酒杀菌条件如杀菌温度、时间等对酒质、风味的影响作了系统的研究和分析，实验表明，杀菌温度在60—65℃之间，黄酒风味随杀菌时间延长得到改善。当杀菌温度超过70℃，杀菌时间控制在1h以内；当75℃杀菌，超过30min，黄酒风味有下降的趋势；80℃以上，黄酒风味随杀菌时间延长而变劣。(孙悟)     

LYS2 gene and its mutation in Kluyveromyces lactis

The KlLYS2 gene, encoding the alpha-aminoadipate reductase of Kluyveromyces lactis, was isolated by complementation of a lysA1 mutant. The deduced amino acid sequence shared an identity of 73% with the LYS2 product of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Despite the high sequence homology of the alpha-aminoadipate reductase genes, the two yeast species differently responded to the presence of alpha-aminoadipate in the medium. Wild-type S. cerevisiae is known to be sensitive to alpha-aminoadipate, but becomes resistant when mutated to lys2. In contrast, K. lactis strains were found to be naturally resistant to alpha-aminoadipate. Therefore, the positive selection procedure for the isolation of lys2 mutants on alpha-aminoadipate, as practised in S. cerevisiae, cannot be applied to K. lactis. A possible reason of this difference may be that the catalytic rate of the alpha-aminoadipate reductase differs in the two yeasts. The EMBL/Genbank Accession No. for the KlLYS2 gene is AJ504405.