甜瓜种子性状及甜瓜籽油中角鲨烯含量研究

采用气相色谱法等对黄色马泡瓜、包瓜等30个甜瓜品种角鲨烯含量进行测定。种子形态特征及相关性分析得知百粒重与面积比和角鲨烯含量均成极显著相关水平,但百粒重与面积比的极显著关系为负相关,即面积比越大,百粒重越小,而角鲨烯含量却随着百粒重的增加有所增加。这30个品种甜瓜籽油中角鲨烯的含量较高(641.7~2 858.3 mg/kg),经主成分分析表明,共有4个主成分对其贡献率较大。在此基础上进行聚类分析可以将其分为4类,其中第一、二类群,面积比和单个重量较小,但角鲨烯含量较高,第三、四类群则长/宽均值较大,角鲨烯含量较高。     

Stability of Cold-Pressed Oil from Commercial Indian Niger (Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass.) Seed as affected by Blending and Interesterification

Blending and interesterification of cold‐pressed oil from commercially available niger (Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass.) seeds was performed to improve its stability. The fatty acid composition of cold‐pressed niger seed oil (NSO) revealed that it contained a huge amount of polyunsaturated linoleic acid (69.2 %). NSO being rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was susceptible to oxidation and hence was blended with saturated fatty acid (SFA) rich coconut oil (CNO) and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) rich olive–pomace oil (OO) to enhance its stability. CNO contained a total of 91.3 % of SFA, while OO had oleic acid, C18:1 (74.3 %) as MUFA. Two blends of NSO with CNO and OO, i.e. NSO + CNO(B) and NSO + OO(B), were prepared in the ratio of 1:1. The blends were further interesterified using the lipase enzyme from Rhizomucor meihei and interesterified oils, i.e. NSO + CNO(I) and NSO + OO(I), were obtained. The oxidative stability of the oils was evaluated by incubating them at 37 °C and 55 % relative humidity (RH) for a period of 45 days. The peroxide values of NSO + CNO(B), NSO + OO(B), NSO + CNO(I) and NSO + OO(I) showed a reduction by 53.3, 42.6, 65.3 and 55.4 %, respectively, while the conjugated diene values showed a reduction by 75.0, 66.9, 76.7 and 75.3 %, respectively, as compared to NSO during the incubation period. This is probably the first report on the stability improvement of niger seed oil through blending and interesterification.     

Effect of puffing on oil characteristics ofAmaranth (Rajgeera) seeds

Puffing or popping is a common method of processingAmaranthus cruentus (Syn.Amaranthus paniculatus L. or Rajgeera) grain. Investigations into the effect of this processing treatment have shown the percent unsaturation in the oil to decrease from 75.5% to 62.3%. The maximum effect is on linoleic acid, the quantity of which decreased sharply from 46.8% to 27.0%. Squalene also increased by 15.5%, due to puffing of amaranth seeds.     

Variation in fatty acid composition of the different acyl lipids in seed oils from fourSesamum species

Seeds from different collections of cultivatedSesamum indicum Linn. and three related wild species [specifically,S. alatum Thonn.,S. radiatum Schum and Thonn. andS. angustifolium (Oliv.) Engl.] were studied for their oil content and fatty acid composition of the total lipids. The wild seeds contained less oil (ca. 30%) than the cultivated seeds (ca. 50%). Lipids from all four species were comparable in their total fatty acid composition, with palmitic (8.2–12.7%), stearic (5.6–9.1%), oleic (33.4–46.9%) and linoleic acid (33.2–48.4%) as the major acids. The total lipids from selected samples were fractionated by thin-layer chromatography into five fractions: triacylglycerols (TAG; 80.3–88.9%), diacylglycerols (DAG; 6.5–10.4%), free fatty acids (FFA; 1.2–5.1%), polar lipids (PL; 2.3–3.5%) and steryl esters (SE; 0.3–0.6%). Compared to the TAG, the four other fractions (viz, DAG, FFA, PL and SE) were generally characterized by higher percentages of saturated acids, notably palmitic and stearic acids, and lower percentages of linoleic and oleic acids in all species. Slightly higher percentages of long-chain fatty acids (20∶0, 20∶1, 22∶0 and 24∶0) were observed for lipid classes other than TAG in all four species. Based on the fatty acid composition of the total lipids and of the different acyl lipid classes, it seems thatS. radiatum andS. angustifolium are more related to each other than they are to the other two species.     

葡萄籽油的提取方法及精炼工艺研究进展

葡萄酒生产过程中的下脚料,经过清洗、烘干等处理,分离出葡萄籽.所得葡萄籽通过压榨法、溶剂提取法或超临界流体萃取法得到葡萄籽毛油,所得毛油经脱胶、脱酸、水洗干燥、脱色、脱臭、特色过滤等精炼工艺最后得到精制成品油.本文对葡萄籽油的提取方法及精炼工艺研究进展进行了综述.     

葡萄籽中多酚类物质的提取及其对清除自由基的保健作用

用乙酸乙酯 -水作提取剂从葡萄籽中提取多酚类物质 ,研究了提取过程中温度、压力、沉淀条件等因素对产物性质的影响 ,获得了适宜的操作条件。结果表明 ,当温度为 40～ 5 0°C,真空度为0 .0 6～ 0 .0 8MPa时 ,可有效防止提取产物的氧化、缩合 ,并能获得较高的提取率 ,还对提取产物的结构及对清除自由基的保健作用进行了讨论     

芝麻中芝麻酚提取工艺的研究

文章以芝麻粉为材料,乙醇为萃取剂,研究了芝麻酚提取工艺,对芝麻酚含量进行测定。通过对单因素条件的选择和正交试验,确定了提取芝麻酚的最佳工艺条件为乙醇浓度60%,提取水浴温度80℃,料液比为1∶15,提取时间100 min;在上述的最佳工艺条件下,芝麻酚提取率为20.1 mg/g。     

简易包种法防治油菜跳甲的初报

[目的]采用简易包种法筛选有效防治油菜跳甲的化学药剂。[结果]杀虫单处理后平均保苗率在83%以上,而吡虫啉的防治效果最差,平均保苗率低于45%;三唑磷处理后出苗第9天,平均保苗率达85%;出苗第9天经吡虫啉.马拉硫磷的处理平均保苗率达88.79%;出苗第3天,氟虫腈.三唑磷混配剂处理后平均保苗率达89.64%;出苗第9天除氟虫腈.辛硫磷混配剂外,其余氟虫腈的混配剂处理后,平均保苗率在85%以上;杀虫单.辛硫磷混配剂处理后平均保苗率高于84%;出苗后第9天杀虫单.氟虫腈混配剂平均保苗率为93.43%。[结论]杀虫单和三唑磷单剂、吡虫啉.马拉硫磷混配剂、氟虫腈.三唑磷、氟虫腈.马拉硫磷、氟虫腈.杀虫单、杀虫单.辛硫磷的种衣剂对防治油菜跳甲在生产上有一定的应用价值。     

超声提取女贞子中黄酮类化合物的工艺研究

采用超声辅助乙醇提取女贞子中黄酮类化合物,考察乙醇浓度、超声功率、超声时间和料液比对提取率的影响。结果表明,最佳提取条件为:乙醇体积分数为50%,料液比1∶70(g/mL),600 W功率下提取20 min,并通过实验确定在此条件下黄酮类化合物的提取率达到13.61%。     

钛液水解工艺对偏钛酸性能的影响

采用外加晶种常压水解法制备偏钛酸,使用激光粒度仪分析偏钛酸的粒度分布,通过沉降高度和洗涤时间判断偏钛酸的过滤性能。考察了晶种加入量、变灰点时间、钛液浓度、二次沸腾保温时间对偏钛酸粒度分布及其过滤性能的影响。结果表明：晶种加入量、钛液浓度和二次沸腾保温时间对偏钛酸性能有显著影响,晶种加入量越大、钛液浓度越低、水解速度就越快,变灰时间越短,得到的偏钛酸的粒度分布也越宽,过滤性能越差。延长二次沸腾保温时间可以使偏钛酸粒度分布更窄,粒子更均匀。