非线性多因素耦合事故致因模型的提出及应用

鉴于目前已有的事故致因模型存在致因因素简单罗列叠加、未考虑因素间耦合效应、无法定量分析等不足,提出了一种新型的非线性多因素耦合事故致因模型,并把模型应用于油库事故预防中.新模型提出了主要影响因素牵连影响系数、多因素耦合流变非线性损伤的计算公式,其最突出的特点是,在多种因素的耦合作用下,能够辨别复杂系统中主要影响因素的流...     

孤岛地区水平井降摩阻技术研究

胜利油田号称"地质大观园",断层纵横,构造复杂,采用常规的直井、定向井已很难实现挖潜增效。水平井钻井技术在胜利油田已经相对成熟,但因水平井数量的大幅增加,其事故发生率逐渐增大。水平井摩阻问题一直是导致井下复杂事故的直接原因,如何最大限度地降低水平井摩阻是减少水平井钻井事故的关键。本文结合胜利油田近两年来水平井钻井施工所遇到的摩阻现象及应对措施,以中28-平506井为例简要论述水平井降摩阻技术。     

苏联对"切尔诺贝利事故"应急处理的启示

本文系统地研究了苏联对切尔诺贝利事故的处理过程。切尔诺贝利事故是1986年4月26日在苏联发生的人类有史以来最严重的放射性污染事故。苏联的应急处理包括:紧急处置突发事故,消除事故影响,后处理工作的公开化、国际化三个阶段。在此过程中苏联政府采取了启动紧急应对措施,组建应急处理机构,集中兵力解决主要矛盾,调入军队和清理事故人员,有序疏散灾民,分类救治伤员,逐步公开通报事故信息,继续清理放射性污染,消除隐患,建立灾民福利保障系统,重组核电制度和机构等应急处理措施。苏联的经验和教训对我国发展核电产业和防灾减灾领域的应急处理工作具有重要的借鉴意义。     

广州市17起盐酸克伦特罗食物中毒分析及预防措施

为预防盐酸克伦特罗引起食物中毒，总结了广州市2001年发生的由盐酸克伦特罗引起的食物中毒。2001年共发生17起，中毒人数106人，是2001年广州市化学性食物中毒的首要致病因素（89．4％），17起食中毒中，只有一起发生在集体食堂，其余均在家庭，盐酸克伦特罗引起的食中毒发病率为98％，无死亡，总结结果显示应加强市场肉品的卫生管理。     

PS在发现人为失误中的应用

在人们的日常生活中和生产活动中，安全管理和品质管理日趋重要，提高PS意识作为一种新兴的管理理念和手法，被越来越多的企业所采用，无论是作为一种工作态度还是一种生活习惯逐渐被人们所接受。本文对PS的概念、人为失误实质剖析、减少及发现人为失误中PS的运用进行了阐述。     

拆除爆破飞散物防护工程实例研究

对拆除爆破飞散物进行分类,分析爆破飞散物事故情景,识别拆除爆破飞散物事故危险有害因素。本文运用反映飞散物运动规律的经验公式和一次拆除爆破方案的设计数据,估算了飞散物抛射初速度和最大水平抛射距离,根据计算结果采取了有针对性的爆破飞散物防护措施,取得了良好的防护效果;还提出了避免拆除爆破飞散物事故的对策,并绘出其鱼刺图。     

国产200MW汽轮发电机技术改进规范化探讨

通过对黑龙江省11台国产200MW汽轮发电机运行6年来的事故、故障进行统计、分析，找出一些规律性的问题，并参考有关规定、标准和电厂的运行经验，按发电机定子、转子、励磁系统、氢油系统、氢湿度、发电机运行中在我监测等几个方面进行论述提出技术改进措施，力求使技术改进措施系列化、标准化、规范化。以实现发电机安全、经济、稳定的运行。     

建44井井喷失控事故分析

对建44井井喷失控事故进行了分析,找出井喷事故的原因,提出应对措施,强调了执行《天然气井工程安全技术规范》的必要性。     

Differences in cause-specific patterns of unintentional injury mortality among 15-44-year-olds in income-based country groups

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to investigate the cause-specific patterns of unintentional injury mortality among 15-44-year-olds in various income-based country groups, and to analyze which specific causes contribute the most to the unintentional injury mortality in each country group. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional data on the five most common causes of unintentional injury mortality by age-sex specific subgroups were compiled for 57 countries from the World Health Statistics Annuals for the year 1993 (1991-1994 if information for 1993 was unavailable). Data were categorized into four income-based country groups according to their gross national product (GNP) per capita for the year 1993. The differences between means and rate ratios of low, lower-middle, and upper-middle income countries were calculated by comparing them with those of the high-income countries. Regression analysis was performed to determine the trends in the direction of income for each specific cause of unintentional injury mortality by age-sex. RESULTS: For any of the specific causes of unintentional injury mortality there was an inverse relationship between mortality rates and GNP per capita except for motor vehicle traffic (MVT) among the 15-24-year-old age group. MVT accidents were the most common cause and contributed 26-77% of all unintentional injury mortality. The second most common cause was poisoning in all country groups except low-income countries where drowning dominated for males and mixed causes for females. Upper-middle income countries represented the highest MVT mortality in all age-sex subgroups except among 15-24-year-old females for which high-income countries displayed the highest rate. For other causes, lower-middle income represented the highest rates with a few exceptions. In the 15-24-year age group, the rate ratio of motor vehicle traffic mortality was higher in high-income countries compared to low-income countries, while in the 35-44-year age group, all other country groups showed a higher rate ratio than high-income countries. Drowning for males and burns for females in the low and middle-income countries were significantly higher than in high-income countries.     

Non-occupational ladder and scaffold fall injuries

In the period 1988–1997 a series of 1462 patients aged 15 years or older with non-occupational fall injuries from ladders or scaffolds were studied. We registered 1402 ladder falls and 60 scaffold falls. The mean age was 50 years, and 1052 were males. The mean annual incidence rate was 1.18 per 1000 inhabitants/year for males and 0.41 per 1000 inhabitants/year for females. A rise in the annual incidence rates with increasing age were observed for both males and females, whereas no trend in the annual incidence rates for each of the ten years studied were observed. About 1/5 of the patients were hospitalized with a median number of 7 days. Two patients died following the injury. Half of the registered injuries were contusions or sprains, whereas about 1/3 were fractures or dislocations. The extremities were most commonly injured as 36% of the injuries were located to the lower extremities and 33% to the upper extremities. The forearm was most commonly fractured or dislocated, whereas the ankle joint was most commonly sprained or contused.