Improved stability in P3HT:PCBM photovoltaics by incorporation of well‐designed polythiophene/graphene compositions

Morphological and photovoltaic stabilities of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT):phenyl‐C₆₁‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC₇₁BM) solar cells were investigated in pristine and modified states. To this end, four types of patterned/assembled nanostructures, namely reduced graphene oxide (rGO)‐g‐poly(3‐dodecylthiophene)/P3HT patched‐like pattern, rGO–polythiophene/P3HT/PC₇₁BM nanofiber, rGO‐g‐P3HT/P3HT cake‐like pattern and supra(polyaniline (PANI)‐g‐rGO/P3HT), were designed on the basis of rGO and various conjugated polymers. Intermediately covered rGO nanosheets by P3HT crystals (supra(PANI‐g‐rGO/P3HT)) performed better than sparsely (patched‐like pattern) and fully (cake‐like pattern) covered ones in P3HT:PC₇₁BM solar cell systems. Supra(PANI‐g‐rGO/P3HT) nanohybrids largely phase‐separated in active layers (root mean square = 0.88 nm) and also led to the highest performance (power conversion efficiency of 5.74%). The photovoltaic characteristics demonstrated decreasing trends during air aging for all devices, but with distinct slopes. The steepest decreasing plots were obtained for the unmodified P3HT:PC₇₁BM devices (from 1.77% to 0.28%). The two supramolecules with the most ordered structures, that is, cake‐like pattern (10.12 mA cm^?2, 51%, 0.58 V, 2.2 × 10^?6 cm² V^?1 s^?1, 4.3 × 10^?5 cm² V^?1 s^?1, 0.69 nm and 2.99%) and supra(PANI‐g‐rGO/P3HT) (12.51 mA cm^?2, 57%, 0.63 V, 1.2 × 10^?5 cm² V^?1 s^?1, 3.4 × 10^?4 cm² V^?1 s^?1, 0.82 nm and 4.49%), strongly retained morphological and photovoltaic stabilities in P3HT:PC₇₁BM devices after 1 month of air aging. According to the morphological, optical, photovoltaic and electrochemical results, the supra(PANI‐g‐rGO/P3HT) nanohybrid was the best candidate for stabilizing P3HT:PC₇₁BM solar cells. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

Fiscal decentralization and regional disparities: The importance of good governance

In this paper we consider how government quality mediates the relationship between fiscal decentralization and regional disparities. Previous work has argued that fiscal decentralization has the potential to reduce income differences across regions but that this potential may not be realized because of governance problems associated with sub-national authorities. Our empirical evidence based on a sample of 24 OECD countries over the period 1984 to 2006 lends a measure of support to this idea. We find that fiscal decentralization promotes regional convergence in high government quality settings but, worryingly, it leads to wider regional disparities in countries with poor governance.     

High Amplification of the Antiviral Activity of Curcumin through Transformation into Carbon Quantum Dots

It is demonstrated that carbon quantum dots derived from curcumin (Cur‐CQDs) through one‐step dry heating are effective antiviral agents against enterovirus 71 (EV71). The surface properties of Cur‐CQDs, as well as their antiviral activity, are highly dependent on the heating temperature during synthesis. The one‐step heating of curcumin at 180 °C preserves many of the moieties of polymeric curcumin on the surfaces of the as‐synthesized Cur‐CQDs, resulting in superior antiviral characteristics. It is proposed that curcumin undergoes a series of structural changes through dehydration, polymerization, and carbonization to form core–shell CQDs whose surfaces remain a pyrolytic curcumin‐like polymer, boosting the antiviral activity. The results reveal that curcumin possesses insignificant inhibitory activity against EV71 infection in RD cells [half‐maximal effective concentration (EC₅₀) >200 µg mL^?1] but exhibits high cytotoxicity toward RD cells (half‐maximal cytotoxic concentration (CC₅₀) <13 µg mL^?1). The EC₅₀ (0.2 µg mL^?1) and CC₅₀ (452.2 µg mL^?1) of Cur‐CQDs are >1000‐fold lower and >34‐fold higher, respectively, than those of curcumin, demonstrating their far superior antiviral capabilities and high biocompatibility. In vivo, intraperitoneal administration of Cur‐CQDs significantly decreases mortality and provides protection against virus‐induced hind‐limb paralysis in new‐born mice challenged with a lethal dose of EV71.     

An explicit method for construction of CTBC codes with girth 6

A cylinder-type block-circulant (CTBC) code with circulant permutation matrix (CPM) size p is presented by a binary base matrix with a cylindrical structure and a slope-vector on ${\mathbb{Z}}_p$. The slope-vector is called proper if the corresponding CTBC code is 4-cycle free. In this paper, an algorithm is presented that for a given base matrix with a cylindrical structure, explicitly generates a proper slope-vector. This proper slope-vector provides a lower-bound on the CPM-sizes of the corresponding CTBC codes required to achieve girth at least 6. Interestingly, the lower bound, minimum distance and 6-cycle multiplicity of the constructed CTBC codes are better than some masked and unmasked known explicitly constructed 4-cycle free QC LDPC codes with the same regularity. Simulation results show that the constructed CTBC codes outperform some 4-cycle free QC LDPC codes in binary and nonbinary cases.     

Correlated In Situ Low‐Frequency Noise and Impedance Spectroscopy Reveal Recombination Dynamics in Organic Solar Cells Using Fullerene and Non‐Fullerene Acceptors

Non‐fullerene acceptors based on perylenediimides (PDIs) have garnered significant interest as an alternative to fullerene acceptors in organic photovoltaics (OPVs), but their charge transport phenomena are not well understood, especially in bulk heterojunctions (BHJs). Here, charge transport and current fluctuations are investigated by performing correlated low‐frequency noise and impedance spectroscopy measurements on two BHJ OPV systems, one employing a fullerene acceptor and the other employing a dimeric PDI acceptor. In the dark, these measurements reveal that PDI‐based OPVs have a greater degree of recombination in comparison to fullerene‐based OPVs. Furthermore, for the first time in organic solar cells, 1/f noise data are fit to the Kleinpenning model to reveal underlying current fluctuations in different transport regimes. Under illumination, 1/f noise increases by approximately four orders of magnitude for the fullerene‐based OPVs and three orders of magnitude for the PDI‐based OPVs. An inverse correlation is also observed between noise spectral density and power conversion efficiency. Overall, these results show that low‐frequency noise spectroscopy is an effective in situ diagnostic tool to assess charge transport in emerging photovoltaic materials, thereby providing quantitative guidance for the design of next‐generation solar cell materials and technologies.     

基于71M6513的三相多功能电能表设计

设计了一款基于71M6513的单芯片结构多功能电能表,介绍了71M6513的芯片特点,讨论了电能表的系统设计方案,重点介绍了计量前端的接口设计,探讨了电能表的误差修正方法。这种单芯片电能表设计有效降低了成本、提高了可靠性。检验结果表明,仪器的有功电能测量误差≤0.5%,符合IEC62053和ANSIC12.20的性能与功能要求。     

"Age-linked declines in retrieving orthographic knowledge: Empirical, practical, and theoretical implications": Correction to MacKay and Abrams (1998).

Reports an error in "Age-linked declines in retrieving orthographic knowledge: Empirical, practical, and theoretical implications" by Donald G. MacKay and Lise Abrams (Psychology and Aging, 1998[Dec], Vol 13[4], 647-662). The article contained an error. In Table 1 on page 652, the values for rated spelling ability at age 20 and at current age were reversed for older and oldest adults. The corrected table is included in the erratum, with values that have been changed in bold. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1998-11674-011.) This study developed and tested a Transmission Deficit hypothesis of how aging affects retrieval of orthographic knowledge. Young, older, and very old adults heard a tape-recorded series of difficult-to-spell words of high and low frequency, spoken slowly, clearly and repeatedly, and wrote down each word at their own pace. With perceptual errors and vocabulary differences factored out, misspellings increased with aging, especially for high-frequency words. In addition, data from a metamemory questionnaire indicated that the oldest adults were aware of their declining ability to spell. These findings were not due to general slowing, educational factors, hours per week spent reading, writing, or solving crossword puzzles, or age-linked declines in monitoring or detecting self-produced errors. However, the results fit Transmission Deficit predictions, and suggested an age-linked decline in retrieval of orthographic knowledge that resembles age-linked declines in spoken word retrieval observed in many other studies. Practical implications of this age-linked decline for conceptions of normal aging are noted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

动态感应加热消除轨面堆焊热影响区马氏体组织

采用动态感应加热的方法消除了U71Mn钢轨轨面堆焊后热影响区的马氏体组织.通过光学显微组织分析和显微硬度测试对马氏体组织的消除效果进行了识别.结果表明,U71Mn钢轨在冷焊的工艺下,热影响区内会产生裂纹,显微组织为马氏体组织.随着预热和后热温度的提高,马氏体组织的消除效果越加明显.当预热温度为320℃,后热温度为550℃时可以完全避免热影响区内马氏体组织的形成,生成比母材珠光体晶粒细小的索氏体组织,热影响区的硬度分布均匀.     

~(71)Ga(n,γ)~(72)Ga和~(180)Hf(n,γ)~(181)Hf反应截面的测量与评价

为解决目前71 Ga(n,γ)72 Ga反应和180 Hf(n,γ)181 Hf反应截面实验数据的分歧,在中国原子能科学研究院的600kV高压倍加器和5SDH-2串列加速器上用活化法在0.5～3MeV能区内测量了这两个反应在4个能点的反应截面。并对国内外0.01～4MeV范围内的实验数据进行了修正和评价,最终给出了这两个反应在此能区范围内的推荐值。