Dynamic pricing in the spanish gasoline market: A tacit collusion equilibrium

During the last twenty years, the Spanish petrol market has undergone an intensive restructuration process; it has changed from being a state-owned monopoly to total liberalization and privatization. This liberalization process was accompanied by measures that facilitated the creation of a “national champion,” the Repsol Group, which is a huge, vertically integrated company with a high market share in all the industry’s segments. Using a dynamic model, this paper analyses whether the prices established by companies in the Spanish gasoline market, after the restructuration process, fits with a tacit collusion equilibrium. The empirical results show that a strategic behaviour of companies occurs and is compatible with a tacit collusion price strategy. So, the restructuration process does not seem to have introduced effective competition into the Spanish gasoline market.     

数控车床复合循环指令的起点设置

运用复合循环指令进行编程可以起到简化的作用,正确设定其加工参数非常重要,只有设定恰当的参数才能有高的生产效率。文中从循环指令的运行中寻找其参数的实质,得到参数的设定公式,可用于指导生产实践。     

多重复合循环在非圆二次曲线加工中的应用

非圆二次曲线没有特定的加工G代码,所以在加工这些轮廓时需要采用宏程序,如果切削量比较大,往往需要结合复合循环一起使用。文中通过对椭圆形散热器轮廓的加工进行实例分析,探讨多重复合循环嵌套宏程序的使用方法。     

Optimal policies for electromobility: Joint assessment of transport and electricity distribution costs in Norway

This paper develops a stylized economic model for passenger transport in the greater Oslo area, in which the agents' choices of car ownership, transport pattern, and electric vehicle (EV) charging are jointly determined. If enough EVs charge during peak hours, costly grid expansions may be needed. We examine how the distribution system operators can mitigate these costs with different pricing schemes and how this, in turn, affects the transport market equilibrium. We find that applying tariffs differentiated between peak and off-peak periods will help strike a better balance between grid investment costs and EV-owners’ disutility of charging during off-peak hours.     

Baubewilligung auf Widerruf; Flächenwidmung "Schutzgebiet-Wald- und Wiesengürtel"; Immissionsschutz; subjektiv-öffentliche Nachbarrechte

Die Fl?chenwidmung "Schutzgebiet-Wald- und Wiesengürtel" dient nicht dem (Immissions-) Schutz der Nachbarn. Da aber bei einer (Ausnahme-) Bewilligung gem § 71 BauO (hier: betreffend die Errichtung eines Nebengeb?udes durch überdachung einer bestehenden Pergola im "Wald- und Wiesengürtel") der Nachbar einwenden kann, dass durch das Bauvorhaben Beeintr?chtigungen durch Immissionen entstehen, ist es in diesem Fall auch zul?ssig, die Widmungskonformit?t wegen nicht nutzungskonformer Emissionen in Zweifel zu ziehen.     

肠道病毒71型Lanzhou01株的分离及其生物学特性

目的对肠道病毒71型(Enterovirus 71,EV71)Lanzhou01株进行分离、鉴定,并分析其生物学特性,为EV71疫苗候选毒株的筛选奠定基础。方法从兰州市手足口病患者的粪便样本中分离EV71,经蚀斑克隆传代后,RT-PCR法检测其特异性;Vero细胞甲基纤维素蚀斑法分析病毒的毒力;克隆病毒的VP1基因,进行序列测定及分析;扫描电镜观察病毒的形态;以不同的MOI接种Vero细胞,观察细胞病变,并绘制病毒的增殖曲线;连续传代,分析VP1基因和氨基酸序列,并测定毒力,检测其遗传稳定性。结果经细胞传代和蚀斑克隆,获得增殖性能稳定的分离株,RT-PCR扩增产物经1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析可见约250bp的特异性条带;经VP1基因测序与进化树鉴定为EV71,其与浙江、深圳等地的EV71分离株的核苷酸序列同源性均大于99%,属于C4基因亚型;电镜下观察病毒颗粒为球形,直径20～30nm;该病毒在Vero细胞上培养后产生典型的细胞病变,毒力为6.8LgPFU/ml;经Vero细胞连续传30代,不同代次的病毒VP1基因序列的核苷酸序列同源性大于或等于99.6%,氨基酸序列几乎没有明显变异,毒力也无明显改变。结论已成功分离1株EV71,其生物学特性良好,为灭活疫苗的研制及疫苗候选株的筛选奠定了基础。     

肠病毒71型空斑检测方法的建立

目的建立肠病毒71型(EV71)空斑检测方法,为EV71生物学特性及疫苗的研究提供手段。方法将不同稀释度的5株EV71分别接种至单层RD细胞和Vero细胞,加入甲基纤维素覆盖,计数空斑,并计算病毒滴度。通过3次连续检测,验证空斑法的精密性,并对空斑法与微量细胞病变法检测病毒滴度的结果进行比较。结果采用RD细胞和Vero细胞,通过空斑法对EV71病毒滴度进行检测,96h后均能规律地出现边缘整齐、清晰的空斑,RD细胞和Vero细胞检测的空斑直径分别为1～2mm和0.5～1mm。连续3次重复试验结果显示,试验间变异系数的平均值Vero细胞为2.52%,RD细胞为4.49%。空斑法与微量细胞病变法比较,其检测结果具有良好的线性相关性,相关系数为r=0.972,P=0.006。结论已建立了精密性好、出斑规律的EV71病毒空斑检测方法。     

EV71抗原BA-ELISA检测方法的建立及应用

目的建立EV71抗原生物素-亲和素酶联免疫(BA-ELISA)检测方法,并进行验证及初步应用。方法以抗EV71抗体为包被抗体,利用生物素-亲和素系统建立双抗体夹心ELISA法,并对其灵敏度、特异性、准确性及精密性进行验证。采用该方法检测组织培养及临床样品中EV71抗原的含量。结果所建立的BA-ELISA法在EV71蛋白含量625～156.25ng/ml之间线性关系最佳,R2达0.9976,灵敏度为78.125～156.25ng;与包括CoxA16在内的42种肠道病毒及相关病毒均无交叉反应;检测10份EV71阳性样品和10份阴性样品,结果符合率均为100%;检测EV71原液和高、中浓度样品的变异系数分别为3.09%、6.69%和6.43%;可检出约103～104CCID50的活病毒及手足口病患者的大便悬液和部分咽拭子悬液中的病毒。结论用生物素标记EV71抗体与亲和素系统建立的双抗体夹心ELISA法具有较高的特异性、灵敏度、准确性和精密性,为临床检验及抗原分析提供了参考。     

Impact of alkyl chain length of 1,n-diiodoalkanes on PC71BM distribution in both bulk and air surface of PTB7:PC71BM film

The impact of alkyl chain length of different additives, such as 1,4-diiodobutane (DIB), 1,6-diiodohexane (DIH), 1,8-diiodooctane (DIO) and 1,10-diiododecane (DID), on the PC₇₁BM distribution in PTB7:PC₇₁BM-based polymer solar cells, is systematically investigated, for the first time. Among these additives, DIO is found to have the optimum alkyl chain length that maximizes the performance of PTB7:PC₇₁BM based polymer solar cells, attaining a power conversion efficiency as high as 8.84%, which is almost four times higher than that without any additives. For DID additives (longer alkyl chain length than DIO), a drop in efficiency to 7.91% was observed. Experimental investigations show that the microstructure of the bulk and the surface layer as well as the surface morphology of the PTB7:PC₇₁BM polymer film can be controlled simultaneously by varying the alkyl chain length of additives. Results also show that the substantial improvement in performance is attributed to the improved 1) phase segregation, 2) PC₇₁BM distribution uniformity in the bulk of the PTB7:PC₇₁BM film, 3) surface smoothness and 4) high PTB7 content at the interface between the active layer and the top electrode.     

Widerruf einer Baubewilligung; ausreichender Grund; Stra?enbau

Der Widerruf einer Baubewilligung ist nur zul?ssig, wenn ein zureichender Grund vorliegt. Ein in n?chster Zukunft beabsichtigter Ausbau einer Stra?e stellt einen ausreichenden Grund für den Widerruf dar.