Neutron threshold activation detectors (TAD) for the detection of fissions

Prompt fission neutrons are one of the strongest signatures of the fission process. Depending on the fission inducing radiation, their average number ranges from 2.5 to 4 neutrons per fission. They are more energetic and abundant, by about 2 orders of magnitude, than the delayed neutrons (≈3 vs. ≈0.01) that are commonly used as indicators for the presence of fissionable materials.The detection of fission prompt neutrons, however, has to be done in the presence of extremely intense probing radiation that stimulated them. During irradiation, the fission stimulation radiation, X-rays or neutrons, overwhelms the neutron detectors and temporarily incapacitate them. Consequently, by the time the detectors recover from the source radiation, fission prompt neutrons are no longer emitted. In order to measure the prompt fission signatures under these circumstances, special measures are usually taken with the detectors such as heavy shielding with collimation, use of inefficient geometries, high pulse height bias and gamma-neutron separation via pulse-shape discrimination with an appropriate organic scintillator. These attempts to shield the detector from the flash of radiation result in a major loss of sensitivity. It can lead to a complete inability to detect the fission prompt neutrons.In order to overcome the blinding induced background from the source radiation, the detection of prompt fission neutrons needs to occur long after the fission event and after the detector has fully recovered from the source overload. A new approach to achieve this is to detect the delayed activation induced by the fission neutrons. The approach demonstrates a good sensitivity in adverse overload situations (gamma and neutron “flash”) where fission prompt neutrons could normally not be detected.The new approach achieves the required temporal separation between the detection of prompt neutrons and the detector overload by the neutron activation of the detector material. The technique, called Threshold Activation Detection (TAD), is to utilize appropriate substances that can be selectively activated by the fission neutrons and not by the source radiation and then measure the radioactively decaying activation products (typically beta and gamma rays) well after the source pulse. The activation material should possess certain properties: a suitable half-life of the order of seconds; an energy threshold below which the numerous source neutrons will not activate it (e.g., 3 MeV); easily detectable activation products (typically >1 MeV beta and gamma rays) and have a usable cross-section for the selected reaction. Ideally the substance would be a part of the scintillator.There are several good material candidates for the TAD, including fluorine, which is a major constituent of available scintillators such as BaF₂, CaF₂ and hydrogen free liquid fluorocarbon. Thus the fluorine activation products, in particular the beta particles, can be measured with a very high efficiency in the detector.The principles, applications and experimental results obtained with the fluorine based TAD are discussed.     

Supercritical water gasification mechanism of polymer-containing oily sludge

In the offshore petroleum industry, polymer-containing oily sludge (PCOS) hinders oil extraction and causes tremendous hazards to the marine ecological environment. In this paper, an effective pretreatment method is proposed to break the adhesive structure of PCOS, and the experiments of supercritical water gasification are carried out under the influencing factors including residence time (5–30 min) and temperature (400–750 °C) in batch reactors. The increase of time and temperature all show great promoting effects on gas production. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, including naphthalene and phenanthrene, are considered as the main obstacles for a complete gasification. Carbon gasification efficiency (CE) reaches maximum of 95.82% at 750 °C, 23 MPa for 30 min, while naphthalene makes up 70% of the organic compounds in residual liquid products. The highest hydrogen yield of 19.79 (mol H₂/kg of PCOS) is observed in 750 °C for 25 min. A simplified reaction pathway is presented to describe the gaseous products (H₂, CO, CO₂, CH₄). Two intermediates are defined for describing the reaction process bases on the exhaustive study on organic matters in residual liquid products. The results show that the calculated data and the experimental data have a high degree of fit and tar formation reaction is finished within 10 min.     

软铋矿铁酸铋活化过一硫酸盐降解环丙沙星机理及产物研究

运用共沉淀-低温水热技术制备软铋矿铁酸铋（S-BFO）,构建S-BFO非均相活化过一硫酸盐（PMS）降解环丙沙星（CIP）体系。考察了氧化剂浓度、初始pH、催化剂投加量等关键因素对体系的影响,并模拟天然水体,探究了S-BFO/PMS体系稳定性。实验结果表明：在初始pH、25℃条件下,加入0.675 mmol/L PMS,1000 mg/L的催化剂,初始浓度为5.0 mg/L的CIP经反应60 min后去除率为84.8%。通过活性物质淬灭实验结果,发现体系中对目标有机污染物起主要降解作用的活性物质是单线态氧（1O2）,而不是硫酸根自由基（·SO4-）和羟基自由基（·OH）。通过LC/MS/MS技术检测到了9种CIP降解过程中的主要中间产物,并确定了CIP通过羟基加成反应（路径I）及脱羧反应（路径II）被氧化去除的降解路径。     

HACCP系统在乳酸菌活菌奶生产中的运用研究

为确保乳酸菌活菌奶的食用安全 ,预防食物中毒的发生 ,选择深圳市日产 2 0t以鲜乳、糖类为主要原料 ,经乳酸菌发酵而制成活菌奶的生产厂家为研究对象。通过危害分析 ,确定原料乳及辅料采购 ,生产加工管道与贮存罐的清洗消毒 ,溶解糖及脱脂奶粉 ,灭菌 ,乳酸菌的接种 ,灌装为活菌奶生产加工的 6个关键控制点 (CCP) ,采取相应的干预措施 ,达到预期效果。结果显示该系统简单易执行 ,可在同行业内推广。     

DNA sequence of the mat2,3 region of Schizosaccharomyces kambucha shares high homology with the corresponding sequence from Sz. pombe

To define conserved sequences for mat1 imprinting and silencing of the mat2,3 region of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, we determined the DNA sequence of the cognate region (mat2,3 region) of another fission yeast, Sz. kambucha, a yeast species isolated from Kambucha tea mix. The entire mat2,3 region shows more than 98% identity between the two species. Sequence similarity is even higher (99.3%) for mating-type cassettes; deduced amino acid sequences of three of the four Mat peptides (Pi, Pc and Mi) are identical between the two species, while the fourth (Mc) has a single amino acid polymorphism. Comparison of the sequence motif of the imprint site essential for mat1 switching shows that mat-P of Sz. kambucha has a sequence identical to the conserved motif present in Sz. pombe. However, this sequence motif of nine bases differs by one base for mat-M of Sz. kambucha. The sequence of the K region shows about 98% identity between the two species, with the cenH region showing 98.3% homology. Thus, the arrangement of the mat2,3 region in both yeasts is conserved and shows 1-2% nucleotide sequence variation throughout the region. The DNA sequence of the mat2,3 region from Sz. kambucha has been submitted to GenBank under Accession No. AY271822.     

乏燃料组件非破坏性测量的叉形探测器

采用总γ和无源中子测量方法建立了叉形探测器。叉形探测器可用于后处理和贮存工厂中ＰＷＲ和ＢＷＲ型的乏燃料组件的燃耗、冷却时间、总钚和总裂变物质含量的测定。     

新型电动机控制设备—软起动器

本文介绍了软起动器的技术特点，工作原理，技术优势，产品及应用。     

新型纸制品粘合剂的研制和应用

玉米淀粉粘合剂的制备中关键是玉米淀粉改性的研究。改性剂在催化剂的催化下，C6原子上的伯羟基被氧化成醛基，然后氧化成波基，并且发生环断裂反应，从而能够抑制原淀粉分子缔合作用，提供性能稳定的不易老化的粘合剂糊液。改性淀粉的生产工艺一般有干法和湿法两种，干法的最大特点是没有三废，但对反应器的结构要求很高．反应副产物无法排除，产品杂质含量很大；湿法工艺反应非常均匀，设备通用性好、反应副产物可以排除，产品质量稳定，基本没有三废污染，我们采用了湿法工艺。首先将玉米淀粉制成悬浮液，在不断搅拌下加入催化剂、改性…     

网络教学综合实验平台建构设计与实现

论文主要介绍网络教学综合实验平台建构设计与实现方法。同时,讨论了网络教育综合平台的逻辑拓扑结构,所选择的网络产品,并介绍了在教学环境中如何使用这个平台。     

电子设备产品的可靠性试验

可靠性试验是可靠性工程最基本的内容和最重要的工作项目。本文对电子设备产品可靠性试验的技术基础、可靠性试验的特点和分类、电子设备产品可靠性试验的方案设计,以及可靠性试验数据的分析和处理方法作了一些介绍。