全氢罩式退火炉退火热过程的研究(Ⅱ)——对流换热系数和钢卷径向等效导热系数的分析

介绍影响全氢罩式退火炉内换热的两个重要参数——对流换热系数和钢卷径向等效导热系数,详尽分析了两个参数的影响因素,并对比了氮气和氢气气氛下两参数的不同,从而在机理上阐明了全氢罩式炉相对传统混氢罩式炉的优越性,为优化炉内换热提供了理论的依据.     

航空遥感器光学窗口光机热一体化设计

为减小光学窗口对航空光学遥感器成像质量的影响,对光学窗口的窗口玻璃厚度进行了优化设计。根据强度理论确定了窗口玻璃最小厚度。依据纵掠平壁理论计算出光学窗口外表面的平均对流换热系数;以热光学为基础,仿真了航摄时光学窗口的瞬态温度场分布;计算了光学窗口在热-力耦合作用下不同窗口玻璃厚度时的波像差(PV和RMS),最终确定了矩形光学窗口(290 mm×140 mm)的玻璃厚度为17 mm。试验结果表明:特征频率为60 lp/mm时光学系统传递函数为0.304,并获得了稳定、清晰的航摄图像。成功实现了光学窗口的光机热一体化设计,可为其他航空光学窗口设计提供参考。     

电离层扰动与磁层耦合

本文通过两个事例分析表明，磁暴期间磁层对流和沉降粒子的增强不仅对极光区了层扰动形态有控制作用，而且也会引起继后的中低纬及赤道电脑层同纬区低热层大气受热后，Ｆ层抬升和中性大气成分变化导致的电子密度正、负扰会向低纬扩展；在Ｅ层高度上，扰动发电机对赤道区喷泉效应的抑制使驼峰区扰动更为突出。这些过程均使中低纬电离层ｆ０Ｆ２和ｈｍＦ变化中出现相应特征。地面电离层垂测站在夜间常能观测到多站几乎同时的ｈｍＦ上升     

外伴管伴热系统传热特性及优化的数值研究

利用FLUEM软件,对外伴管伴热体系传热特性及其优化进行了数值分析与讨论.分析表明系统中存在传导、对流及辐射传热,其中封闭空气夹层又存在层流自然对流.计入空气对流的模拟表明,工艺管受热不均匀,而伴管布置在其正下方、保持空气层不被保温层挤占可提高伴热效果.伴热平衡时,伴热介质温度、热损失随物料温度近似线性增加.空气层均温假设导致工程设计不合理,而降低工艺管与伴管之间的热阻是提高伴热能力的关键.     

基于有限体积法Godunov格式的水锤计算模型

针对管道内水锤问题,基于一阶和二阶Godunov格式的有限体积法建立数学模型并进行模拟分析。采用Riemann求解器对离散通量进行求解,同时在计算中引入对流项;采用MUSCL-Hancock方法进行重构得到二阶精度的Godunov格式,为了避免虚假振荡引入MINMOD斜率限制器;提出了虚拟边界的处理方法,实现了计算区域的所有节点和边界的统一计算。计算分析表明,虚拟边界法既保证了计算结果的精确性,又避免了边界处理的复杂性;一阶Godunov格式与传统的特征线法计算结果一致;当库朗特数小于1时,一阶Godunov格式和特征线法的瞬变压力可能出现严重的数值耗散,但二阶Godunov格式可有效抑制数值衰减从而得到更为准确稳定的计算结果;在马赫数很小的情况下,对流项对模拟结果的影响可忽略。     

二阶全展开ETG有限元方法在方腔自然对流模拟中的应用

应用二阶全展开ETG有限元方法离散求解N-S方程和能量方程,并以零初值方腔自然对流问题为例进行了数值模拟。计算了不同瑞利数条件下方腔自然对流的流场和温度场,最终达到的稳态结果与标准数值解符合很好,并且较好地反映了流场和温度场的时间演化过程,特剐是捕捉到了分叉前后流场中涡结构的变化。结果表明二阶全展开ETG有限元方法有较好的稳定性和较高的精度,在计算温度场和流场的时间演化过程方面有一定优点。     

Numerical modelling and optimisation of natural convection heat loss suppression in a solar cavity receiver with plate fins

This study details the numerical modelling and optimization of natural convection heat suppression in a solar cavity receiver with plate fins. The use of plate fins attached to the inner aperture surface is presented as a possible low cost means of suppressing natural convection heat loss in a cavity receiver. In the first part of the study a three-dimensional numerical model that captures the heat transfer and flow processes in the cavity receiver is analyzed, and the possibilities of optimization were then established. The model is laminar in the range of Rayleigh number, inclination angle, plate height and thickness considered. In the second part of the study, the geometric parameters considered were optimized using optimization programme with search algorithm. The results indicate that significant reduction on the natural convection heat loss can be achieved from cavity receivers by using plate fins, and an optimal plate fins configuration exit for minimal natural convection heat loss for a given range of Rayleigh number. Reduction of up to a maximum of 20% at 0° receiver inclination was observed. The results obtained provide a novel approach for improving design of cavity receiver for optimal performance.     

Thermal stratification in ribbed liquid hydrogen storage tanks

A significant decrease in the degree of thermal stratification is demonstrated by improvising transverse wall ribs on the inner cylindrical surfaces of large liquid hydrogen storage tanks. The ribbed surfaces are modeled as fins and a conjugate transient heat transfer problem is formulated for predicting flow currents and heat transfer. Turbulent Rayleigh numbers between 1.2×10¹²$1.2\times {10}^{12}$ and 6×10¹⁶$6\times {10}^{16}$ are considered. A stratification parameter based on the moment of energy is defined to quantify the degree of stratification and this parameter is seen to be about 30% lower for the ribbed tanks. The degree of stratification is not sensitive to changes in the ratio of the rib height to the spacing between the ribs. The transient free convection is shown to be characterized by the parameter Fo×Ra^0.15$\mathrm{Fo}\times {\mathrm{Ra}}^{0.15}$. The process of stratification takes place more slowly in the ribbed tanks than in smooth-walled tanks. The free convective heat transfer coefficient for tanks having ribbed surface is also seen to be significantly lower. Incorporation of ribs over the inner surface of the insulated tanks is demonstrated to offer a simple means of reducing the stratification and boil-off losses.     

Modeling of transient natural convection heat transfer in electric ovens

Prediction of transient natural convection heat transfer in vented enclosures has multiple applications such as understanding of cooking environment in ovens and heat sink performance in electronic packaging industry. The thermal field within an oven has significant impact on quality of cooked food and reliable predictions are important for robust design and performance evaluation of an oven. The CFD modeling of electric oven involves three-dimensional, unsteady, natural convective flow-thermal field coupled with radiative heat transfer. However, numerical solution of natural convection in enclosures with openings at top and bottom (ovens) can often lead to non-physical solutions such as reverse flow at the top vent, partly a function of initialization and sometimes dependent on boundary conditions. In this paper, development of a physics based robust CFD methodology is discussed. This model has been developed with rigorous experimental support and transient validation of this model with experiments show less than 3% discrepancy for a bake cycle. There is greater challenge in simulating a broil cycle, where the fluid inside the cavity is stably stratified and is also highlighted. A comparative analyses of bake and broil cycle thermal fields inside the oven are also presented.     

Free convection performance of circular cavities having two active curved vertical sides and two inactive curved horizontal sides

A detailed review of the archival reveals that the heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of circular cavities have not been investigated so far and of course their physical features are not understood. A prominent application of these cavities arises in the miniaturized packaging of electronic components that are subject to strict constraints. This paper addresses primarily steady-state laminar natural convection of air in a circular cavity of diameter H inscribed in a square cavity of side H where the corresponding sides are in contact at four points. A third cavity, an arc–square cavity whose shape lies between the square and circular cavity shapes is included in the analysis. The finite volume method is used to perform the numerical simulations. The methodology takes into account the second-order-accurate QUICK scheme for the discretization of the convective term, whereas the pressure–velocity coupling is handled with the SIMPLE scheme. Since the air is not assumed a Boussinesq gas, it was decided to take all thermophysical properties as temperature-dependent. In the end, it has been demonstrated that the circular cavity possesses a superior balance between heat transfer enhancement and size in cross-section area in comparison with the standard square cavity. The side of the square cavity is similar to the diameter of the circular cavity.