Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for the classification of wood materials using machine learning methods combined with feature selection

In this paper, we explore whether a feature selection method can improve model performance by using some classical machine learning models, artificial neural network, k-nearest neighbor,partial least squares-discrimination analysis, random forest, and support vector machine(SVM),combined with the feature selection methods, distance correlation coefficient(DCC), important weight of linear discriminant analysis(IW-LDA), and Relief-F algorithms, to discriminate eight species of wood(African rosewood, Brazilian bubinga, elm, larch, Myanmar padauk,Pterocarpus erinaceus, poplar, and sycamore) based on the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS) technique. The spectral data are normalized by the maximum of line intensity and principal component analysis is applied to the exploratory data analysis. The feature spectral lines are selected out based on the important weight assessed by DCC, IW-LDA,and Relief-F. All models are built by using the different number of feature lines(sorted by their important weight) as input. The relationship between the number of feature lines and the correct classification rate(CCR) of the model is analyzed. The CCRs of all models are improved by using a suitable feature selection. The highest CCR achieves(98.55...0.39)% when the SVM model is established from 86 feature lines selected by the IW-LDA method. The result demonstrates that a suitable feature selection method can improve model recognition ability and reduce modeling time in the application of wood materials classification using LIBS.     

Uranium measurements using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy in lithium chloride-potassium chloride salt of pyroprocessing

In pyroprocessing,uranium(U) is recovered from molten LiCl-KCl salt,and,for safeguard purposes,it is important to analyze the U and Plutonium(Pu) concentrations in a timely manner.In the present work,salt samples containing U were fabricated.The laser used in the present work was an Nd:YAG laser with a wavelength of 532 nm,a laser energy on the sample of11.5 mJ,and a pulse repetition rate of 10 Hz.The plasma emission light was measured with an Echelle spectrometer.A total of 100 points on the sample surface were measured as the laser incident position was changed.The U and potassium(K) peaks in the spectrum were identified.Univariate and multivariate analyzes were conducted to determine the accuracy and limit of detection(LOD) of the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.     

Monitoring of the heavy-metal hyperaccumulation in vegetal tissues by X-ray radiography and by femto-second laser induced breakdown spectroscopy

This article reports on the utilization of X-ray microradiography and laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) techniques for investigation of the metal accumulation in different part of leaf samples. The potential of the LIBS-analysis for finding the proper plant species for phytoremediation is compared with the results of microradiography measurements at the HERCULES source at ENEA, Rome (Italy) and X-ray microradiography experiments at the ELETTRA Synchrotron, Trieste (Italy).     

液态锂与316L不锈钢焊缝的相容性初步研究

利用金相、SEM/EDS及自主研制搭建的LIBS等分析方法,研究了316L不锈钢焊缝在350℃液态锂环境中浸泡500h的静态腐蚀行为,拟为锂回路管道焊缝与液态锂的相容性研究提供一定的数据参考。实验结果显示,316L不锈钢焊缝区在液态锂中以晶间腐蚀形式被腐蚀,焊缝区的晶界腐蚀行为更严重,但没有出现明显的相变。液态锂腐蚀后焊缝区表层的Li的渗透量约是母材区的1.55倍,Li在焊缝区和母材区的渗透深度分别约为5.48μm和3.29μm,均大于焊缝区和母材区截面观察的腐蚀疏松层厚度(~5.0μm和3.0μm)。腐蚀后,碳的质量分数增加了11.03%,表面生成了碳化物,但Cr、Ni、Mo和Mn的质量分数分别减少了2.28%、1.01%、0.47%和0.16%。焊缝表层的Cr在液态锂中的溶解损耗最严重。腐蚀前后焊缝表面的维氏硬度值之比约为3.45∶1,焊缝区的力学性能下降。总之,液态锂对316L不锈钢焊缝产生腐蚀效果。相对母材区,焊缝区更易被液态锂腐蚀。     

LIBS-an efficient approach for the determination of Cr in industrial wastewater

In the present paper, LIB spectra of different water samples having varying concentration of Cr (certified reference material, CRM) have been recorded by using liquid jet (fabricated in our laboratory) configuration. Calibration curves for different atomic lines of Cr are compared and it is found that calibration curve for Cr II (283.5 nm) atomic line is the best in terms of the Limit of detection (LOD) which is found to be 30 ppm. This calibration curve has been used for quantification of Cr in wastewater collected from Cr-electroplating industry where the concentration of Cr is found to be 1500 ppm. Its removal can be planned by biological system, which is in progress.     

内标元素强度筛选法在激光诱导击穿光谱定量分析土壤标样中铁钛锶的应用

利用激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)技术进行光谱定量分析时,由于实验条件不稳定造成的测量结果检出限高、测量精确度低的问题一直是一个亟待解决的难题。实验选取地质矿产部化探分析质量监控站的标准土壤样品为分析样品,以波长为1064nm的Nd∶YAG激光器为激发光源,脉冲重复频率1Hz,通过激光诱导击穿光谱实验装置采集土壤样品在420~440nm范围内的等离子体光谱图。采用以内标法为基础的数据平均处理和内标元素强度筛选法(即以选定的内标元素谱线强度为参考,进行数据筛选)处理数据分别分析了待测样品中的Fe、Ti和Sr元素的含量并进行了对比,利用内标元素强度筛选法测得Fe、Ti和Sr的质量分数分别为68.4mg/g、10777μg/g和75.5μg/g,相对误差由平均法测得的10.60%、3.20%和8.57%降低为2.01%、0.21%和1.95%。说明内标元素强度筛选法处理数据可以减少数据处理量,简化数据处理过程并提高分析精度,尤其适用于激光能量输出不稳定、时间延迟较难控制的实验条件下的物质成分定量分析。     

激光诱导击穿光谱法判断汽车板表面划痕缺陷

采用激光诱导击穿光谱法对汽车板表面划痕类缺陷进行了分析和判断。通过使用激光诱导击穿光谱深度分析的方法对比了汽车板表面划痕缺陷部位与非缺陷部位的深度分布特点,并在选取的积分段内,对样品表面进行线扫描,得到表面元素的分布情况。依据缺陷部位某些元素的缺失现象,推断了该部位缺陷类型为表面划痕缺陷。判断结果与扫描电镜的检测结果相符。本文建立的方法具有分析时间短（< 30 s）、分析准确度高、无需样品前处理等特点,适用于汽车板表面划痕类缺陷的快速判别。     

基于在线激光诱导击穿光谱监控高炉流道中铁水组成的传感器研究

本文旨在描述一种比利时冶金研究中心(CRM)研发的用于钢铁生产领域的传感器。这种以激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)技术为基础的传感器可以连续测量高炉流道中的化学成分和温度,其目的在于在线评估铁水的化学成分(主要包括铁,碳,硅和锰),以及其温度。这种传感器也可以测量炉渣中氧化钙、氧化镁、二氧化硅、氧化铝和氧化锰的浓度以及铁粒子的存在,这对于安全生产非常重要。这种传感器已用于比利时根特的阿塞洛米塔尔高炉的可行性测试。     

Re-Heating Effect on the Enhancement of Plasma Emission Generated from Fe Under Femtosecond Double-Pulse Laser Irradiation

In this paper, we present a study on the effect of inter-pulse delay using femtosecond double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy in a collinear geometry. The temporal evolution of spectral intensity is performed for the lines of Fe I 423.60 nm, Fe I 425.08 nm and Fe I 427.18 nm. It is found that, by selecting appropriate inter-pulse delay, the signal enhancement can be significantly increased compared with the single-pulse case. A three-fold enhancement in the current experiment is obtained. The plasma temperature and electron density are also investigated based on the theory of Boltzmann plot and Stark broadening. We attribute the main mechanism for emission enhancement to the plasma re-heating effect.     

激光诱导击穿光谱分析钛合金铸件三维成分分布

TiAl类金属间化合物Ti-47.5Al-2.5V-1.0Cr为有潜力的轻量化高温合金,用于精密铸造高温部件。成分配比和铸造工艺影响该钛合金铸件质量和使用性能,有必要研究其三维(3D)空间成分分布。实验利用激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)在设定的多个位置进行深度激发,获得每个位置激发深度对应的测量数据。将对应位移系统3D坐标的全部测量数据组合成矩阵,将三维位移系统的3D坐标转换为样品实际测绘的3D坐标,抽取一定比例的多层分布面数据、经Matlab模拟得到3D-成分分布全貌,建立了成分的3D空间分布方法。对Ti-47.5Al-2.5V-1.0Cr涡流器进行3D近表面分析,获得了不同以往的成分分布形态认知。C、Ca元素的层状正偏析平行于样品表面,Cr、V元素的层状负偏析斜交于表面。剔除40 μm表层后计算得到的该钛合金的Al、Ti原子比中位值为1.02,接近配料比值1.03。