固态和液态钢的激光诱导等离子体比较

比较了产生于室温固态钢以及高温液态钢上激光诱导等离子体的特征、原子铁的激发温度以及电子密度。通过在386～400nm波长范围的中性铁原子发射谱线, 由波尔兹曼作图法确定了铁原子的激发温度。通过测量AlI394.4nm的谱线宽度, 估算了电子密度。对固体钢来说, 铁元素的激发温度从延迟时间为10μs时的10800K下降到延迟时间为80μs时的7300K。当延迟时间分别为10μs和70μs时, 产生于固态钢和液态钢上等离子体间的激发温度并没有显著差别。在铁元素和铝元素大部分的中性原子线中, 可以观察到液态钢的谱线宽度比固态钢的谱线宽度更窄。当激光脉冲的观察延迟时间均为10μs时, 产生于液态钢上等离子体的电子密度大约为(0.99±0.15)×10¹⁷/cm³, 这相当于产生在固态钢上等离子体电子密度的46%。     

铅玻璃充填碧玺初探

利用常规宝石学测试、X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、激光诱导离解光谱仪(LIBS)、电子探针(EPMA)对近来在珠宝市场上的铅玻璃充填碧玺样品进行测试与分析,旨在探讨其鉴定特征。结果表明,该铅玻璃充填样品的充填特征不明显,与传统的有机物充填处理方法不同;X射线荧光光谱和激光诱导离解光谱的测试结果显示,该铅玻璃充填碧玺样品具有明显的Pb峰。铅玻璃充填碧玺样品中充填物的电子探针二次电子像及背散射电子像特征,可作为碧玺样品是否经过了铅玻璃充填的诊断性依据,其充填物的化学成分主要为Si和Pb,呈不规则斑块状分布于裂隙中。     

Characterization of the Delamination Defects in Marine Steel Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

In this paper,two types of comparison analyses,bulk analysis and defect analysis,were carried out for marine steel.The results of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS)were compared with those of spark optical emission spectrometry(Spark-OES) and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersion spectroscopy(SEM/EDS) in the bulk and defect analyses.The comparison of the bulk analyses shows that the chemical contents of C,Si,Mn,P,S and Cr obtained from LIBS agree well with those determined using Spark-OES.The LIBS is slightly less precise than Spark-OES.Defects were characterized in the two-dimensional distribution analysis mode for Al,Mg,Ca,Si and other elements.Both the LIBS and SEM/EDS results show the enrichment of Al,Mg,Ca and Si at the defect position and the two methods agree well with each other.SEM/EDS cannot provide information about the difference in the chemical constituents when the differences between the defect position and the normal position are not significant.However,LIBS can provide this information,meaning that the sensitivity of LIBS is higher than that of SEM/EDS.LIBS can be used to rapidly characterize marine steel defects and provide guidance for improving metallurgical processes.     

Quantitative Analysis of Carbon Content in Bituminous Coal by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Using UV Laser Radiation

The carbon content of bituminous coal samples was analyzed by laser-induced break?down spectroscopy. The 266 nm laser radiation was utilized for laser ablation and plasma gener?ation in air. The partial least square method and the dominant factor based PLS method were used to improve the measurement accuracy of the carbon content of coal. The results showed that the PLS model could achieve good measurement accuracy, and the dominant factor based PLS model could further improve the measurement accuracy. The coefficient of determination and the root-mean-square error of prediction of the PLS model were 0.97 and 2.19%, respectively; and those values for the dominant factor based PLS model were 0.99 and 1.51%, respectively. The results demonstrated that the 266 nm wavelength could accurately measure the carbon content of bituminous coal.     

Microanalysis of Multi-Element in Juncus effusus L. by LIBS Technique

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was used to decipher the unique multi-elemental characteristics of Juncus e?usus L. The spectral fingerprints of Juncus e?usus L. were established based on elemental microanalysis via LIBS. Microanalysis and multimode sam?pling methodologies were designed in this study. The relative standard deviation (RSD) approach was performed to optimize the multi-shot measurements. Taking advantage of the capability with no or minimal sample pre-treatment of LIBS, a thermodynamic chart of four elements (Mg, Ca, Ba, and Na) was created from twelve collection regions. The diagram of elemental distribution on a micro-scale was generated to explore the nature of Juncus e?usus L. by LIBS. The results demon?strated that LIBS is a promising technique for rapid elemental microanalysis of heterogeneous samples.     

Quantitative Analysis of Mg in Pipeline Dirt Based on Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

In order to maintain the pipeline better and remove the dirt more effectively,it was necessary to analyze the contents of elements in dirt.Mg in soil outside of the pipe and the dirt inside of the pipe was quantitatively analyzed and compared by using the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS).Firstly,Mg was quantitatively analyzed on the basis of Mg Ⅰ 285.213 nm by calibration curve for integrated intensity and peak intensity of the spectrum before and after subtracting noise,respectively.Then calibration curves on the basis of Mg Ⅱ 279.553 nm and MgⅡ 280.270 nm were analyzed.The results indicated that it is better to use integrated intensity after subtracting noise of the spectrum line with high relative intensity to make the calibration curve.     

Ultrasonic Nebulizer Assisted LIBS: a Promising Metal Elements Detection Method for Aqueous Sample Analysis

A newly developed approach for trace metal elements detection for aqueous samples analysis is presented in this paper. The idea of this approach is to improve ablation efficiency by transforming the liquid sample into a dense cloud of droplets using an ultrasonic nebulizer. The resulting droplets are then subjected to analysis by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). A purpose-built ultrasonic nebulizer assisted LIBS (UN-LIBS) system has been applied to the analysis of aqueous samples at trace levels of concentration. Experimental investigations of solution samples were carried out with various dissolved trace metal elements (Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Fe, Mg and Na) using this approach. The characteristics of UN-LIBS signal of the elements were investigated regarding the lifetime and S/B ratio and the calibration curves for trace metal elements analyses. The obtained LODs are comparable or much better than the LODS of the reported signal enhancement approaches when the laser pulse energy was as low as 30 mJ. The good linearity of calibration curves and the low LODs shows the potential ability of this method for metal elements analysis application. The density of the electrons was calculated by measuring the Stark width of the line of Hα. The possible mechanism of the LIBS signal enhancement of this approach was briefly discussed.     

Study on Cluster Analysis Used with Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Supervised learning methods(eg.PLS-DA,SVM,etc.) have been widely used with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS) to classify materials;however,it may induce a low correct classification rate if a test sample type is not included in the training dataset.Unsupervised cluster analysis methods(hierarchical clustering analysis,K-means clustering analysis,and iterative self-organizing data analysis technique) are investigated in plastics classification based on the line intensities of LIBS emission in this paper.The results of hierarchical clustering analysis using four different similarity measuring methods(single linkage,complete linkage,unweighted pair-group average,and weighted pair-group average) are compared.In K-means clustering analysis,four kinds of choosing initial centers methods are applied in our case and their results are compared.The classification results of hierarchical clustering analysis,K-means clustering analysis,and ISODATA are analyzed.The experiment results demonstrated cluster analysis methods can be applied to plastics discrimination with LIBS.     

Rapid Detection of Oil Pollution in Soil by Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Detection of oil pollution in soil has been carried out using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS). A pulsed neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet(Nd:YAG) laser(1,064 nm, 8 ns, 200 mJ) was focused onto pelletized soil samples. Emission spectra were obtained from oil-contaminated soil and clean soil. The contaminated soil had almost the same spectrum profile as the clean soil and contained the same major and minor elements. However, a C–H molecular band was clearly detected in the oil-contaminated soil, while no C–H band was detected in the clean soil. Linear calibration curve of the C–H molecular band was successfully made by using a soil sample containing various concentrations of oil. The limit of detection of the C–H band in the soil sample was 0.001 mL/g. Furthermore, the emission spectrum of the contaminated soil clearly displayed titanium(Ti) lines, which were not detected in the clean soil. The existence of the C–H band and Ti lines in oil-contaminated soil can be used to clearly distinguish contaminated soil from clean soil. For comparison, the emission spectra of contaminated and clean soil were also obtained using scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray(SEM/EDX) spectroscopy,showing that the spectra obtained using LIBS are much better than using SEM/EDX, as indicated by the signal to noise ratio(S/N ratio).     

激光诱导击穿光谱法测定铝合金中铁铜硅

将Nd：YAG激光脉冲会聚于合金表面以产生激光诱导等离子体,等离子体辐射发射光经过多通道光栅光谱仪并由CCD检测。分析发射光谱的特征谱线,建立校准曲线以实现铝合金中代表元素Fe,Cu,Si的定量分析。测量相对误差基本可在10%以内,检出限可达10-4量级。证明激光诱导击穿光谱（LIBS）技术可在短时间内实现合金样品中多元素的定量分析。