添加Cu和T6下Mg2Si/Al复合材料的组织与性能

采用铸造法制备原位自生亚共晶Al-10Mg₂Si复合材料,研究Cu和T6热处理对该复合材料组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明:适量Cu的添加能显著减小共晶Mg₂Si相晶粒尺寸,使其晶体结构由粗大的长条状和汉字状转变为细小的条状和纤维状;同时使针状的β-Al₅Fe Si相转变为细小的不规则富Cu颗粒。经T6热处理后,质量分数为1.5%的Cu复合材料中的共晶Mg₂Si相完全球化。质量分数为1.5%的Cu添加同时提高了材料铸态下的抗拉强度(R_m)、屈服强度(R_p0.2)和伸长率(A),达317、169 MPa和2.3%,比未添加Cu提高了42.2%、24.3%和53.3%;经T6热处理的R_m和R_p0.2值分别增至332、181 MPa,而A值保持不变。同时,材料由脆性断裂完全转变为韧性断裂。     

Al-Si共晶合金与1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢的相容性研究

用粉末冶金法制备了Al-Si共晶合金与1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢反应堆扩散偶。采用电子显微镜（SEM）、能谱分析仪（EDS）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）D究了扩散偶在560℃和650℃时的相容性及扩散层形成机理。结果表明,扩散温度对两种材料之间的相容性有显著影响;650℃时,Al-Si共晶合金与1Cr18Ni9Ti之间通过浸润和扩散反应形成了比较明显的扩散层。XRD谱也表明,扩散层中存在Fe2Al5化合物;560℃时Al-Si共晶合金与1Cr18Ni9Ti之间仅发生固相反应,形成的扩散层很薄,二者相容性较好。     

Effect of wall wettability condition on drift-flux parameters in lead–bismuth two-phase flow in circular and annular bubble columns

Lead–bismuth two-phase flow in a cylindrical vessel and annulus was experimentally investigated by varying the surface wettability of the vessel wall. The test section used in this study was a cylindrical stainless vessel with/without inner sleeve to change the hydraulic diameter. Volume-averaged void fraction was measured by varying the surface wettability of the test section, which was enhanced by using a soldering flux. Measured void fraction was compared with existing two-phase flow correlations and with one-dimensional theoretical simulations assuming one-dimensional drift-flux model. From experimental results, measured distribution parameters of the lead–bismuth two-phase flow are much larger than that of ordinary two-phase flow regardless of the surface wettability. In the present work, the one-dimensional analysis was carried out for the cylindrical vessel to reproduce the distribution parameter. From the simulation results, predicted value for the cylindrical vessel showed good agreement with experimental results. However, in annulus, the distribution parameters in annulus were underestimated by the present model. It was suggested that, in case of annulus, steeper void fraction profile might be formed near the inner surface for poor wettability condition.     

真空扩散焊热循环对2A14铝合金接头界面演变的影响

分别选取500,530,560 ℃焊接温度,进行2A14铝合金真空扩散焊,保温时间为60 min,焊接压力为4 MPa,真空压力低于3.4×10-3 Pa.焊后用扫描电镜(SEM)观察接头的焊合率、界面和母材组织形貌.结果表明,在500 ℃固溶线以下温度进行2A14铝合金扩散焊时,主要是界面微区塑性变形破碎氧化膜,实现局部微量的金属之间连接,焊合率很低.温度继续升高到530 ℃,超过固溶线温度,但小于Al-Cu共晶温度时,增加了界面CuAl2相结合机理,焊合率有明显提高.焊接温度在Al-Cu共晶温度以上,达到560 ℃时,CuAl2相完全溶解并在晶界生成共晶液相.该液相挤压、破碎界面氧化膜,并填充界面微孔,焊接接头界面呈正弦波状界面形貌,因而焊合率显著提高.根据这一分析结果,建立了晶界液相生成与界面氧化膜的破碎模型.     

基于三元DES体系制备硫酸化改性CNF及其性能研究

以漂白硫酸盐浆为原料,采用氨基磺酸/尿素/氯化胆碱三元低共熔溶剂(DES)体系预处理结合机械处理的方法制备硫酸化改性的纤维素纳米纤丝(CNF),并采用纤维图像分析仪、元素分析仪、场发射扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、Zeta电位分析仪、热重分析仪和多重光散射分析仪对制得的CNF性能进行表征。结果表明,三元DES预处理既可改性纤维原料又可对其产生润胀效果,从而促进其在纳米均质化过程中的纤丝化。与未经DES预处理的纤维原料在均质化处理过程中能耗(9.49×10⁷ kJ/kg)相比,DES预处理(1.61×10⁷～2.11×10⁷ kJ/kg)可节省77.8%～83.0%的能耗。DES预处理提高了所得CNF悬浮液的稳定性但导致其热稳定性下降;此外,延长DES预处理时间可促进纤维的纤丝化并降低纤维聚合度。     

乙二醇抑制DES预处理过程中木质素缩合程度的研究

利用氯化胆碱/草酸和氯化胆碱/草酸/乙二醇2种低共熔溶剂（DES）体系预处理竹粉以分馏提取木质素,并通过多种表征手段探究木质素的结构变化。结果表明,在110 ℃反应180 min的条件下,氯化胆碱/草酸二元DES体系提取的木质素（二元DES木质素）中β-O-4芳基醚键的相对含量仅为0.26/Ar,氯化胆碱/乙二醇/草酸三元DES体系提取的木质素（三元DES木质素）此值则为0.43/Ar。同时,二元DES木质素中的缩合结构（β-β,β-5=3.11/Ar）及缩合的芳环C—C连接（Aromatic C—C=2.18/Ar）多于三元DES木质素（β-β,β-5=2.02/Ar,Aromatic C—C=1.99/Ar）。利用超声辅助三元DES体系预处理过程,发现反应20 min后木质素脱除率即可达76.0%。采用水相电位滴定法测定不同反应条件下的三元DES木质素的酚羟基和羧基含量;并提出乙二醇在三元DES体系预处理竹粉过程中抑制木质素缩合的机理,证实乙二醇与对香豆酸和阿魏酸反应生成了酯化的木质素结构。     

纤维素纳米纤丝的制备和改性研究进展

近年来,纤维素纳米纤丝(CNF)因其独特的物理化学性能受到了广泛关注。当前,CNF主要采用化学或酶处理等方法对纤维进行预处理,再通过机械法对预处理后的纤维进行机械处理而得到。随着人们环保意识的日渐增强,可回收的有机酸水解法,低共熔溶剂预处理结合机械法制备CNF等已成为CNF制备领域的研究热点。本文综述了CNF的制备和改性研究进展,总结了CNF在制备和改性过程中存在的问题。此外,讨论了不同制备方法的优缺点,并介绍了环保、高效的CNF制备方法及其最新的应用领域。     

纳米纤维素-可聚合低共熔溶剂离子导电弹性体的制备及性能研究

本研究采用紫外光引发原位聚合法将丙烯酸-氯化胆碱合成的可聚合低共熔溶剂（polymerizable deep eutectic solvents,PDES）与纤维素纳米纤丝（cellulose nanofibril,CNF）气凝胶结合,并引入植酸以增强CNF与PDES之间的结合作用,制得含有丰富的共价键和非共价键（氢键）的离子导电弹性体,通过多种现代仪器分析测试其性能。结果表明,该离子导电弹性体在机械性能（应力和应变分别可达0.38 MPa和1378%）、热稳定性、抗冻性、离子电导性（离子电导率可达3.9 mS/m）和紫外屏蔽性方面具有明显优势,同时具有一定的抗疲劳性和弹性,且基于其组装的柔性应变传感器对人体运动表现出快速、稳定、可逆的信号响应。     

Modeling Alcohol Dehydrogenase Catalysis in Deep Eutectic Solvent/Water Mixtures

The use of oxidoreductases (EC1) in non-conventional reaction media has been increasingly explored. In particular, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as a novel class of solvents. Herein, an in-depth study of bioreduction with an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) in the DES glyceline is presented. The activity and stability of ADH in mixtures of glyceline/water with varying water contents were measured. Furthermore, the thermodynamic water activity and viscosity of mixtures of glyceline/water have been determined. For a better understanding of the observations, molecular dynamics simulations were performed to quantify the molecular flexibility, hydration layer, and intraprotein hydrogen bonds of ADH. The behavior of the enzyme in DESs follows the classic dependence of water activity (a_W) in non-conventional media. At low a_W values (<0.2), ADH does not show any activity; at higher a_W values, the activity was still lower than that in pure water due to the high viscosities of the DES. These findings could be further explained by increased enzyme flexibility with increasing water content.     

Oxygen concentration measurement and control of lead-bismuth eutectic in a small,static experimental facility

ABSTRACT

Oxygen measurement and control system is critical for minimizing corrosion in nuclear systems. Oxygen measurement and control tools use lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) and pure lead as a coolant or as a spallation target. Oxygen can be supplied by either gas phase (H₂O or O₂) or solid phase (PbO dissolution); thus, oxygen control includes both gas phase and solid phase methods. This article focuses on oxygen concentration measurement and control of lead-bismuth eutectic in a small, static experimental facility. This facility was developed for oxygen sensor calibration and gas/solid phase control systems test programs. The oxygen sensor with Nano Cu/Cu₂O closely the Nernstian behavior down to 195°C; the oxygen sensor measurement accuracy satisfied the requirements of subsequent experiments. The gas phase control system (verified according to different type of mass transfer, such as air, H₂O, gas injection, and coverage) and the solid phase control system were very successful in small experimental devices. Accurate oxygen concentration control was achieved with both the gas and solid phase control systems.